ib chemistry hl pearson structures part 2

In ionic bonding When metal atoms lose an electron what do they form?

A positive ion called a cation

In ionic bonding When non metal atoms gain electrons what do they form

A Negative ion called an anion

What’s an ion?

An electrically charged species that is formed after an atom gains or loses an electron and becomes isoelectronic)stable outer shell)

What’s ionisation energy?

a measure of how strongly an atom holds onto its electrons

What’s electron affinity?

A measure of how readily an atom will accept an additional electron

Whats nuclear charge?

The total positive charge of an atom- number of protons

What is shielding?

When electrons from inner shells repel outer shell electrons and in turn partially cancel out the attracting force of the nucleus

Why do outer electrons of metal atoms experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than non metal atoms?

Because metal atoms have less valence electrons and are typically better shielded and usually a larger atomic radius compared to non metal atoms so have more affinity to being lost to the attraction of another atoms nuclear charge

What is mass spectrometry used to determine?

Relative atomic masses

Steps of mass spectrometry?

1. Vaporised sample injected into instrument

2. Atoms of elements are ionised by being bombarded with a stream of high energy electrons in the ionisation chamber

3. Unipositive ions pass through holes in parallel plates where they are accelerated under the influence of an electric field

4. An external magnetic field then deflects ions (smaller mass and higher charge means greater deflection)

5. Ions with a particular mass to charge ratio are recorded by a detector that measures both mass and relative amounts of all the ions presents

6. You can use this info to calculate relative atomic mass

Does each element have the same spectrum?

No they have their own characteristic spectrum

What happens when electrons drop from a higher to lower energy level?

They emit photons and tjis energy corresponds to a specific wavelength

What jump produces visible light?

Jumps to the 2nd energy level

What jumps produce infrared?

Jumps to level 3

What jumps produce uv?

Jumps to the first level

What are the sub levels I’m electron configuration?

S,p,d,f

How many electrons can an orbital hold?

2

How many orbitals does an a sublevel have?

1

How many orbitals does a p sublevel have?

3

How many orbitals does a pd sublevel have?

5

How many orbitals does a f sublevel have?

7

Do electrons have properties of both a particle and wave?

Yes

What was heisenbergs uncertainty principle?

It’s impossible to know the exact position of an electron at a precise moment of time

What’s an orbital?

Something which describes the 3 dimensional shape where theres a high probability of the electron being there