Introduction to Medicinal Organic Chemistry

Middle Ages

Basic studies of chemistry and physics shifted from Greco to Roman to the Arabian alchemist.

Paracelsus

He glorified SB (Only the dose makes the poison) as cure-alls in the belief that chemicals could cure disease.

Age of Innovation and Chemistry

What is 19th Century called?

Serturner

Who extracted Morphine from Opium?

Hahneman

Who’s principle is the Law of Similars (like cure likes)

Homeopathy

What other term for like cure like?

Emetine

What will you isolated in Ipecacuanha?

Pierre Pelletier

Who isolated Emetine?

1. Caffeine

2. Quinine

3. Colchicine

In 1820 what compounds was purified? (3)

Quinine sulfate

This is an antimalarial compound that has been naturally mass produced in Pelletier’s factory?

Acetic acid

In 1845 what Adolph Kolbe synthesized?

Adolph Kolbe

Who synthesize Acetic acid?

Concept of Biologic Receptors

What Concept does the British pharmacologist John formulated?

John

Who formulated the Concept of a biological receptor in 1878?

Hemlock

Where’s coniine isolated from?

Coniine

What is the first alkaloid that isolate from Hemlock?

Ehrlich

Who describe Sidechain theory?

Sidechain Theory

In 1897 what Ehrlich described?

Aspirin

What is the first mass produced synthetic drug in 1898 by Bayer?

Acetyl

What compound does added to Aspirin to avoid GI stress?

20th century

When is the rise of synthetic chemotherapeutic agents?

Gerhard Domagk

Who discovered the first prodrug?

Protonsil

What is the first prodrug?

Sulfanilamide

What is the metabolite of Protonsil?

2,4-diaminoazobenzene-4-sulfunamide

Give the IUPAC name of Protonsil.

Reserpine

What is the first antipsychotic drug before the discovery of Chlorpromazine?

Chlorpromazine

This is the single most important breakthrough in psychiatric treatment, it have antipsychotic properties.

Iproniazid

What is the antidepressant drug metabolized into Isoniazid, an anti-tuberculosis medication?

Isoniazid

Developed for tuberculosis treatment and shares a structural similarity with Iproniazid?

Imipramine

First dibenzazepine (tricyclic) antidepressant

Fluoxetine

First commercially successful SSRI.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Meaning of SSRI.

1. Chlordiazepoxide

2. Diazepam

3. Meprobamate

Give the 3 serendipity (Accidental Discoveries)

Epinephrine

First pure hormone to be isolated.

Henry Dale

Who discovered oxytocin in 1904?

Thyroxine

What hormone does Edward Kendall isolated from thyroid gland in 1921?

Edward Kendall

Who isolated Thyroxine from Thyroid gland?

Insulin

An acid labile hormone that discovered in 1921?

Frederick Banting & Charles Best

Who discovered Insulin in 1921?

Humulin

First genetically engineered drug approved by US FDA.

Pramlintide acetate (Symlin)

An insulin approved in 2005 for Type I Diabetes.

Diosgenin

What is the precursor to progesterone derived from plants.

Progesterone

What hormone inhibits ovulation?

Norethindrone (Norminest)

First orally active contraceptive steroid.

John Rock

Who add progesterone to Norethindrone?

Mifepristone

What medication used as an abortion pill?

Cytotec

A combination of Mifepristone and Misoprostol medication as an abortion pill what’s the brand name?

Levonorgestrel

This medication called as Plan B is an emergency contraceptive that been taken within 3 days.

Nitrous oxide

What compound does Horace Wells used as anesthetic during tooth extraction?

Horace Wells

Who use Nitrous oxide during his tooth extraction?

Ether

A toxic anesthetic agent used by Crawford Long

Crawford Long

Who use Ether as Anesthetic agent.

Chloroform

A carcinogenic anesthetic agent at St Bartholomew’s Hospital

St Bartholomew's Hospital

Where did Chloroform use as an Anesthetic agent?

William Morton

Who gave the first successful public demonstration of surgical anesthesia?

1. Bromides

2. Chloral hydrate

3. Paraldehyde

4. Urethane

5. Sulfenal

Give the 5 Inorganic sedatives.

Laudanum

This a medication used to induced sleep.

Barbiturate nucleus

Phenobarbital (Luminal) is a specific barbiturate derivatives that contains the characteristics of a what?

5,5-diethylbarbituric acid

IUPAC name of Phenobarbital (Luminal).

Bayer Pharm’l Company

Who introduce Phenobarbital (Luminal).

Hydantoins

Modification of the barbituric acid moleule led to the development of?

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Give an example of Hydantoin. (1)

Diphenylhydantoin

IUPAC name of Phenytoin (Dilantin).

Erthroxylon coca

Where Cocaine isolated from? (Scientific name)

Albert Niemann

Who isolated cocaine in 1860?

Ophthalmological surgery

Cocoine was used as the first topical anesthesia in what surgery?

Richard Willstarter

Who determine the structure of Cocaine and Atropine?

1. Benzocaine

2. Procaine

3. Tetracaine

4. Lidocaine

What are the Structural Analog of Cocaine? (4) This modification of natural products leads to useful therapeutic agent.

William Withering

Who discovered Digitalis purpurea?

Digitalis purpurea

Scientific name of Foxglove plant.

Digoxin

Widely used Cardiac glycoside.

Sydney smith

Who isolated Digoxin from Foxglove plants?

Akira Endo

Who discovered the first anticholesterol drug.

Compactin (Mevastin)

What antcholesterol medication isolated from Penicillium citrium.

Penicillium citrium

Where Compactin (Mevastin) isolated from?

Lovastatin (Mevacor)

This is the first FDA approved statin.

1. Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

2. Simvastatin

Other statin (2) except Lovastatin.

Mercaptopurine

First effective leukemia drug?

George Hitching and Gertrude Elion

Who developed Mercaptopurine (6-mercaptopurine)?

Sulfur mustard

Leukemia therapy during World War 1?

Nitrogen Mustard

Leukemia therapy during World War 2?

Cisplatin

This medication used as treating Tisticular, Ovarian, Bladder, Lungs, & Stomach Cancer.

Carboplatin

2nd generation of Cisplatin but fewer adverse effect.

Paclitaxel (Taxol)

What Moeroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani discovered in 1963?

1. Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia)

2. European yew tree (Taxus baccata)

2 Source of Taxol.

Moeroe E. Wall and Masukh C. Wani

Who discovered Taxol?

Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Study of Carbon-Based Medicinal.

Medicinal chemistry

Involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use.

Pharmaceutical chemistry

It focused on quality aspect of medecines and aims to assure fitness for the purpose of medicinal products.

Quantitative structure activity relationships

Is a strategy of the essential importance for chemistry and pharmacy, based on the idea that when we change a structure of a molecule then also the activity or property of the substance will be modified.

Merck

Who discovered a substance identical to Akira Endo’s (Compactin) and he named it Lovastatin (Mevacor)?