FNR 201 Midterm #1

Earth makes up _ percent of the earth’s surface and _ percent of world’s oxygen

71, 50

Three systems that Marine Biology is studied in

physical and chemical processes, organisms, ecosystems/global perspective

First marine biologist

Aristotle

1768

Captain James Cook and crew sailed around the world collecting specimen

1831

Charles Darwin sailed on HMS Beagle as naturalist, writing detailed descriptions

1840s

Edward Forbes, first to study seafloor and discovered species vary depending on depth

Challenger Expedition

First major exploration devoted to marine life - 3.5 years, 19 years to publish 50 volumes

Why is ice less dense than liquid water?

Entrapment of Air

The smaller the sediment particles

the greater water can maintain adhesion properties

Less than what percent of light penetrates deeper than 100 meters

1

Absorbed light energy is converted into

heat

How old is the earth

4.54 billion years

What is earth made of

silicon compounds, iron, magnesium oxide

When did oceans begin to form

4.2 bya and continued to form for next 200 my

What were the oldest known fossils

Marine bacteria - 2.3-4.3 mya

Size of bodies of water in order

Ocean, sea, gulf, bay

Pangaea split into what daughter continents?

Laurasia and Gondwana

Bathygraphic features

Features of ocean bottom similar to geographic features on land

Seafloor split into two divisions:

Ocean Basin and Continental Margin

Continental Shelf

Shallow area of seafloor immediately adjacent to continent - richest area for biodiversity but only makes up 8 percent of oceans

Shelf break

Abrupt change where continental shelf ends and continental slope begins

Continental Rise

Gentle slope at base of steep continental slope, often containing sediments produced from landslides

Submarine Canyons

Formed by currents that cause underwater landslides, often aligning with terrestrial river mouths

What is the ocean basin comprised of

basalt rock

Abyssal Plain

Flat expanse at bottom of ocean

Abyssal Hill

Formed by volcanic action and plate tectonics

Seamounts

Associated with island arcs and formed by underwater volcanoes

Hydrogenous sediments

Carbonates, phosphorites, and manganese - precipitation of dissolved minerals

Biogenous Sediments

Remains of living organisms 

• Deep Sea almost all biogenous sediments are from single-celled organisms with silica shell

Terrigenous Sediments

• Formed by weathering of continental rocks

• Primarily deposited on continental shelves

Cosmogenous Sediments

• Iron-rich particles from space

• Least common sediment found

Pelagic zone

open water areas

Beritic province

water overlying continental shelves

Oceanic province

Water overlying deep ocean basins

Benthic zone

Layer closest to bottom

Ocean photic zones

Photic zone, midwater zone, aphotic zone

The earth absorbs ___energy at higher latitudes due to the earth’s tilt

less

Earth’s atmosphere ___ more energy than in absorbs

reflects

Earth’s surface ___ more energy than in reflects

absorbs

How does Earth lose energy to the atmosphere?

Radiation (1/3) and Evaporation (2/3)

The greater the temperature the ____ the density

lower

Warm air at equator

rises and moves towards poles

Cold air at poles

sink and move towards equator

Coriolis effect

Deflection of the paths of winds and currents that results from the rotation of the earth

The 3 cells in each hemisphere

Hadley, Polar, Mid-Latitude

Doldrum

warm, rising air

Horse latitude

Cool, descending air

Which cells are driven by temp?

Hadley and Polar

What are currents driven by

Trade winds, Coriolis effect, Position of Land Masses

Currents result from

wind blowing against the oceans surface

Gyre

Circular current pattern around edge of ocean basins (5 major ones exist)

Western boundary currents

Fastest and deepest, moving warm water to poles. Low Productivity and low nutrients but increased oxygen

Eastern Boundary Currents

Slow moving, move cold water toward the equator, high productivity and mix nutrients into surface waters

Traverse Currents

Connect the western and eastern boundary currents

How long does ocean conveyor take for one full circuit

1000 years

Ekman transport

Wind moves water at surface. Due to friction, moving water at surface moves other water deeper

Horizontal friction

Does not move water in same direction, results in spiral of vertical movement

Density is driven by

Temperature and Salinity

Ocean layers from most shallow to deepest

Surface layer (0-100m), Thermocline (temp decreases rapidly and depth and width varies seasonally), Deep Water (100m+ - cold, stable temp)

Equatorial Upwelling

Currents on either side of equator deflect surface water away from poles, replaced by nutrient rich deep water

Coastal Upwelling

Winds parallel to coast or away from coast - nutrient rich deep water rises

Coastal downwelling

Wind blows water towards coastline, forcing it to return to ocean

Wave

Flow of energy or motion

Generating Force

Force that generates waves (winds, geological events, ships)

Restoring Force

Force that restores water to undisturbed state (surface tension, gravity)

Small waves are called

Capillary waves

Progressive wave

Wave generated by wind, restored by gravity

Forced Waves

Increase in size due to storms energy

Free Waves

No external energy generating force

Swell

Patterns of wave crests on ocean’s surface that are uniform for long period

Amplitude

Height of wave crest starting from water surface

Wavelength

Distance between two wave peaks

Higher frequency

slower waves

Trough

Lowest point of a wave

Deep water wave

Water depth is greater than ½ wavelength

Wave height is dictated by

wind speeds, wind duration and fetch

Fetch

Distance of water that wind blows over

Shallow water waves

When water depth is less than ½ wavelength

Tsunamis are long waves with ____ periods and ____ height

Long, low

Tides

Periodic change in water level along coastline due to gravitational pull from sun and moon

More about tides

The gravitational pull from the Moon causes a bulge of water on the side of the Earth facing the Moon. Simultaneously, there is another bulge on the opposite side of the Earth due to the centrifugal force resulting from the Earth-Moon gravitational interaction. This creates two high tide areas on opposite sides of the planet.

High tide

bulging wave

Low tide

Area between bulges

Spring tides

Largest difference between high tide and low tide, occurring during full and new moon

Neap tides

Occur during 1st and 3rd quarter moon

Diurnal tide

1 high and 1 low tide each day

Semidiurnal tide

2 high and 2 low tides each day (common)

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration

Nucleus

Contains the chromosomes

Golgi Complex

Manufacture, package, and transport cellular products such as protiens

Natural selection has ____ in traits

High variation

Allopatric speciation

Gradual process by which populations evolve into different species due to geographic changes

Fitness

Measured by number of organism’s own genes present in next gen

Sympatric Speciation

New species from surviving ancestral species while both continue living in same region

Phylogenetics

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Taxonomy order

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species

Ectotherms (most marine organisms)

Generate body heat metabolically but lose head rapidly - match surrounding environment

Endotherms

Retain most metabolic heat and body temp stays higher than surronding environment

Regional Endothermy

Internally heat key parts of body (tuna, sharks, etc)

Pressure at ocean surface is

1 ATM