Physiology Exam 3

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

• good cholesterol

• small

• too large to penetrate arterial

• endothelium

• low risk or developing plaques

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)

• bad cholesterol

• small

• easy to form plaques

• at risk for atherosclerosis (blockage)

Blood Clotting Process

1. vasoconstriction: constrict blood vessels/ decrease blood flow

2. platelet plug/ releases serotonin and thromboxane A2

3. Web or fbrin (internal bandaid) Activating thrombin and releasing calcium

Erythropoietin

A protein that stimulates the process of making erythrocytes

Ischemia

Lack of oxygen to the heart; reduced blood flow

Anticoagulants

plasmin is the bodies natural clot buster (started as plasminogen inactive)

Blood Types

A, AB, B, O

Type A

A antigens, B antibodies

Type B

B antigens, A antibodies

Type AB

A & B antigens, no antibodies

Type O

no antigens, all antibodies

How aspirin works

Inhibits production or prostaglandins (thromboxane A2)

How heparin works

inactivates thrombin

Plasma Proteins

albumins, globulins, fbrinogen

Albumin

maintains blood volume and pressure

Globulins

Transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins and has immune functions

Fibrinogen

help with blood clotting

Histamine

first exposure, stored in mast cells

Plasma Cells

protein factories, produce 2,000 antibodies per second

Memory Cells

produce 1 specific antibody, exposed to the antigen creates opportunity for memory cells to be made

Complement

proteins activated by antibody-antigen binding

Process of complement proteins in the cell

seeks out foreign cells, binds to them, water rushed in and cell explodes

Antigens

large proteins that stimulate the production of antibodies

Antibodies

proteins that bind to specific antigens

Immunoglobulins

• IgA= breast milk

• IgG= plasma cells

• IgE= allergic reactions

• IgM, IgD

Immediate Hypersensitivity

• Abnormal B cell response

• respond too much to B cells

• IgE antibodies produced instead of IgG

• treated with anti-histamines

Delayed Hypersensitivity

• Abnormal T cell response, don't know you have this reaction till the next day

• caused by the secretion of lymphokines

• treated with cortisol creams

Vaccination

prevents disease / allows immunity

Macrophages

T cells use macrophages to scout out bad cells and eat them

Endogenous pyrogen

Substances that cause a fever within the body

Epinephrine

• catecholamine from the adrenal glands (protein hormone)

• increase heart rate

• dilates lungs

Cortisol

Stress hormone that regulates glucose metabolism

Aldosterone

Mineralocorticoids (Na+ and K+ balance)

Insulin

• released into the blood by beta cells

• stimulates the uptake of glucose

Glucagon (Liver and Pancreas)

• releases glucose to increase blood sugar

• secreted by alpha cells

Thyroid hormone

controls the metabolism

Parathyroid hormone

increases plasma calcium concentration to allow calcium to store in bones

Type 1 diabetes

juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent (autoimmune disease) that destroys pancreatic beta cells

Type 2 diabetes

adult onset, insulin resistant, caused from obesity

Leptin

signals satiety (red beyond capacity; absence of hunger), more fat cells from this

pneumotaxic center

• controls the rate and pattern of breathing

• slows down breathing

apneustic center

promotes respiration by stimulating the I neurons (increases breathing)

Hyperventilation

• fast breathing

• decreases PCO2

• pH rises

Hypoventilation

• slow breathing

• increase in PCO2

• pH drops

Inspiratory reserve volume

deep breath IN (3 Liters)

Expiratory reserve volume

blowing OUT as much air as possible (more than 1L)

Acids

lose a proton; release H+ ions

Base

lose a electron; combine with H+

Myoglobin

• found in striated slow-twitch muscles

• has a higher affinity for oxygen (stronger bond)

Hemoglobin

• higher temperatures, contains iron

• less O2 bound

• pH and temperature regulation

Edema

excessive accumulation or tissue fluid, swelling of body parts, can cause high blood pressure

Baroreceptors

• (blood pressure) stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses that detect pressure from the brain stem

• increased stretch-> increase in action potentials

• decreased stretch-> decrease in action potentials

Frank-Starling Law

• intrinsic control within the heart; the strength of contraction varies with end-diastolic volume

• deals with sarcomere

Cardiac Output

venous return of blood to the heart, leg muscles contract, and the sympathetic NS brings blood back to the heart

Regulation of Stroke Volume

1. end diastolic volume

2. total peripheral resistance

3. contractility

(Increase resistance, decrease blood flow and stroke volume)

(Decrease resistance, increase stroke volume)

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS wave

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Normal EKG

SA (sinoatrial) node

heart natural pacemaker (60-100 bmp)

AV (atrioventricular) node

slows conduction to 40-60 bpm (before ventricles contract)

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Atrial futter

atrial fibrillation (A-Fib)

Sinus arrest

PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction)

V-Fib (Ventricular Fibrillation)

V-Tach (Ventricular Tachycardia)

AV Blocks

Bell's Palsy

• Facial cranial nerve (#7)

• Motor fbers stopped conducting impulses

• Eye patch stopes secretion from the tear glands

Clinical Case #5

• Hemolytic Angina (lack of oxygen)

• icterus (elevated bilirubin / overproduction)

• B12 and folic acid are missing from diet

hyperthyroidism

• goiter (swelling in the neck)

• carotid artery is blocked restricting blood flow

• inject iodine because it only destroys tissue in the thyroid gland

Bilirubin

jaundice; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

Required for DNA synthesis; necessary for the growth and division of all cells

An individual with type A blood can safely receive a transfusion from?

Type A

Which drug affectively prevents clot formation by inhibiting prostaglandin production?

Aspirin

The rapid secondary response of active immunity is based on the presence of?

Memory Cells

What is the best treatment for immediate hypersensitivity?

Anti-histamine

Which of the following hormones increases the plasma concentration of calcium?

Parathyroid hormone

Increased in atrial PCO2 leads to?

decreased blood pH

A deficiency in can lead to formation of megaloblastic red blood cells?

vitamin B-12

Baroreceptors respond to?

stretching of large arteries

The T wave of an EKG represents?

ventricular repolarization