English Composition CLEP

dependent clause/subordinate clause

a clause that cannot make sense on its own, joined to independent clause with a subordinating conjunction

subordinating conjunction

although, because, while, if, when, as

Compound sentences

Two independent sentences joined together by a coordinating conjunction

coordinating conjunction

or, and, but, for, so, yet, not

Helping verbs are

Has/had/have

Was/were

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word

prepositional phrase

A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.

A team of horses races through the Main Street daily

"Team" is being described

Plural subjects usually end with

s or es

Plural verbs

Drop the s if they have one

effect/affect

noun/verb

farther/further

physical distance/extension of time

than/then

comparison/time

capitol/capital

government building/everything else, big letter, city, money

principal/principle

school administrator/idea

Active Voice

the subject performs the action stated by the verb

Passive Voice

the subject is acted upon by the verb - try adding by zombies in the end

Logical Comparisons

Watch ownership, context, words with apostrophes

semicolon

Semicolons are used:

To separate tow independent clauses

To make lists of extended words

Ex: what you can do is: a) finish your work; b) ask your professor if you can do it at home; c) ask for an extension; d) leave now and take a zero.

Colons

Can be used in many different ways after an independent clause

Ex:

She was the doctor; she knew what to do in the situation.

Quotations:

Sally was in a rough state when she said: "The candidate has no idea what is going on."

My said I could do one of three things: study, get a job or move out.

nonrestrictive clause

a clause that provides descriptive information that isn't essential to the meaning of the sentence

topic sentence

Mini-thesis at the beginning of each paragraph

rhetorical styles

Ethos, logos, pathos

logic

Flow, sequence of ideas and consistency

Look for fallacies in the writer's reasoning

Consistency of point of view

I like to go to the store. There are a lot of things from which to choose.

Transitions

Connect sentences and ideas

Also, moreover, furthermore, in addition,

Concerning, regardless

Likewise, same token, similar

However, whereas, but

APA style

CMS style citation

Note and bibliography style- when there is a source used, there is a number at the end of the sentence and the reference details are listed either at the bottom of the passage (footnote) or at the bottom of the essay (end note)

1 - reflect right to the footnote

Author date include like APA with little to no change

et al.

et alia ( and others)

APA FORMAT

Require a full bibliographic reference at the end of the paper

These are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name

Book:

Hasselstein, R. (2012). Dystopian Psychotherapy: A View from Across the Bridge. NY: Handel Press.

Journal:

Hasselstein, R. (2011). Retribution Psychology in the Age of the Aftermath. Psychology Beyond, 21, 211-224

The volume number then the page number**

APA chapter from edited book

Hasselstein, R (2016). TITLE. EDITORS. (Ed’s.) NAME OF JOURNAL (PAGE #) CITY, PRESS.

APA organization

Organization: REPORT. (YEAR). PUBLICATION. WHERE IT WAS PUBLISHED. PUBLISHER

Magazine:

AUTHOR. (YEAR). NAME OF ARTICLE. Journal or book. volume # page #

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

Create an emotional response

Logos

Speak to logic; to persuade readers by reason

Ethos

Ethical appeal

Convince readers of the credibility of the writer

audience

Audience- who are you addressing?

Consider length, language, style and level

Tone

What is the authors attitude? Choice of vocabulary, focus, content and opinion.

Purpose

Why is the text written?

To inform, persuade, motivate, entertain, analyze, argue?

cause and effect order

an organizational format that categorizes a topic according to its causes and effects

chronological order

the order in which events happen in time, in sequence

Comparison Order

presents details to show similarities or differences

emphatic order

order of importance

General to specific order

Present information from most general to specific or vice-versa

Problem-solving order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Framing

This is when a writer makes readers explicitly aware of what is to come in the piece of writing

Alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as

Antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast

Rhetorical question

Asking a question to raise an issue not seek an issue

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way, something well known to something less well known

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Enumeratio

detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly

exemplum

an example or model, especially a moralizing or illustrative story.

Fallacies

errors in reasoning

3 things to consider before writing a paper

Audience, tone, and purpose

How is a complex sentence different from a compound sentence?

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

Paradox

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

"I must be cruel to be kind"

What is italicized in APA format?

Journal or book

Using MLA style where do we cite the page number?

At the end with the page number in parentheses

What do the letters "n.d." Mean

The date for the publication is unavailable

Where can I find the etymology of words?

Dictionary

ad hominem fallacy

when speakers attack the person making the argument and not the argument itself

appeal to ignorance fallacy

based on the idea that a claim is correct because no one can prove that the claim is wrong

Ignorance as evidence

Argument from Authority

argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is

argument from false authority

offering as evidence the support of some person who is not an authority on the subject

bandwagon fallacy

reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct

Circular argument fallacy

This restates the argument rather than actually proving it.

Dogmatism Fallacy

the unwillingness to even consider the opponent's argument; the assumption that even when many, perhaps millions, of other people believe otherwise, only you can be correct

ex. the argument that drugs are morally wrong and drug addicts should all be locked up or even executed although you drink alcohol and coffee

faulty analogy

a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable

non sequitur

A statement that does not follow logically from evidence

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Slippery Slope

A change in policy or law will lead to dire consequences

Straw Man

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.

Reliable search engine for research

EBSCO HOST

What are the three parts of a good thesis statement?

The topic

The writer's opinion (agree/disagree)

Claims (at least 3 arguable points)

Compound subjects formed by

The word and

Adverbs

Describe actions (verbs); often end in -ly

When, where and how

She spoke yesterday.

She spoke here.

She spoke quickly.

Adverbs used to describe adjectives

Very, frequently, always

conjunctive adverb

Can adverbs and adjectives be modifiers?

Yes

dangling modifier

a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence

misplaced modifier

A modifier that is not placed near the word it modifies

Modifiers usually begin with

Ing verbs, preposition or descriptive phrase

example of preposition

In, at, on, of, to, from, near, into

Passive sentences contain which words

Forms of "to be"

Am, is, are, was, were, have been, had been, will be, will have been, being

If you can't tell who's doing the action it's probably passive

If you can't tell who's doing the action it's probably passive

Passive voice contains two elements

Form to be

And a verb in the past tense or a past participle