ENGLISH REVIEWER (DOST)

The report on the long-term effects of microplastics in coastal waters ________ several gaps in the current monitoring protocol.

reveals

The set of guidelines for laboratory safety in high school chemistry classes ________ updated every two years.

is

The results of the study, along with the supporting calculations in the appendix, _________ consistent with the proposed model.

are

The list of variables in the experimental design, including temperature and pressure, _______ incomplete without humidity.

is

The effectiveness of the new filtration system for the community well, in addition to its low cost, ______ it as practical option.

makes

The article on renewable energy in rural communities, with examples from three provinces, _________ a clear comparison of costs and benefits.

presents

The research team ______ divided in its interpretation of the unexpected findings.

is

The faculty committee _______ in agreement that the policy should be revised before implementation.

is

Each of the proposed solutions ______ a trade-off between accuracy and cost

involves

None of the preliminary measurements _____ reliable enough to be included in the final analysis.

are

By the time technicians arrived, the instrument _____ repeatedly for hours.

had malfunctioned

Last year, the council _____ a proposal that later reduced plastic waste in local markets.

approved

When I visited the museum yesterday, the guide _____ how early astronomers measured time.

explained

The speaker stated that the survey results _____ a steady increase in student participation since 2018.

have shown

After the seminar ended, the participants _____ their feedback forms to the registration desk.

submitted

The researcher _____ the data set before she noticed the missing entries.

had checked

The engineers _____ the prototype for three months before the first field test began.

had refined

The committee _____ its final decision before the new evidence was presented.

had reached

By noon, the students _____ the entire procedure and were ready to write the report.

had completed

The breaker is cracked, so it _____ during heating earlier.

must have cracked

The security footage is unclear;the person in the hallway _____ the missing laptop.

might have taken

The power supply was stable all night, so the system failure _____ caused by a sudden outage.

can not have been

Every researcher must submit _____ proposal before the deadline.

his or her

The panel of judges reached _____ decision after reviewing the evidence.

its

The data from the pilot study lost _____ credibility after the missing entries were discovered.

their

The committee revised _____ recommendation to reflect the new safety standards.

its

Each of the interns must bring ______ own calculator to the assessment.

his or her

when the professors discussed the new grading policy with the students, they were confused.

When the professor discussed the new grading policy with the students, the students were confused.

The researchers informed the technicians about the calibration error, and this delayed data collection.

The researchers informed the technicians about the calibration error, and the calibration error delayed the data collection.

The laboratory supervisor reminded the interns to label the samples clearly, which they often forget.

The laboratory supervisor reminded the interns to label the samples clearly, a step interns often forget.

The committee rejected the proposal after reviewing the budget, but it was revised and submitted again.

The committee rejected the proposal after reviewing the budget, but the proposal was revised and submitted again.

The engineer explained the instructions to the trainees before testing the device, and they were recorded for later review.

The engineer explained the instructions to the trainees before testing the device, and the instructions were recorded for later review.

The initial results suggested a strong link between sleep and memory;_____, the follow-up study found no significant relationship.

however

The device performed well in controlled conditions; _____, the field.

in contrast

The first method is faster; _____, the second method produces more accurate measurements.

nevertheless

The article highlights the benefits of vaccination; _____, it also addresses common concerns about side effects.

in addition

The survey indicates that most students prefer online materials; _____, a significant number still rely on printed notes.

yet

The sample size was too small; _____, the conclusion cannot be considered reliable.

therefore

Original: The decline in fish population was linked to pollution, but no single pollutant could be identified as the main cause.

Pollution was associated with the decline in fish population, but no single substance was clearly responsible.

Original: Most students completed the task accurately, though a few needed additional guidance.

The majority completed the task correctly, but some required extra assistance.

Original: The device may improve efficiency, but its long-term effects are still unknown.

The device could increase efficiency, although its future impact is uncertain.

Original: Although the method is simple, it requires careful execution.

The method is simple, yet it must be carried out carefully.

Original: Some participants misunderstood the instructions, which affected the results.

A few participants misunderstood the instructions, influencing the results.

Original: The study suggests a possible link between diet and concentration.

The study indicates that diet might be related to concentration.

Original: The experiment failed because the temperature was not controlled.

Lack of temperature control caused the experiment to fail.

Original: Only a small number of samples showed unusual behavior.

A few samples behaved differently from the rest.

Original: The policy will likely reduce waste, but it may increase costs.

The policy might reduce waste and could also raise costs.

Original: The findings were surprising, yet they were supported by strong evidence.

The findings were unexpected but backed by solid evidence.

Original: The report does not claim that the method is perfect.

The report avoids stating that the method is flawless.

Original: Many respondents preferred online surveys over printed forms.

Most respondents favored online surveys more than paper ones.

Original: The test results were inconsistent, so they could not be used reliably.

Because the results were inconsistent, they were unreliable.

Original: The machine works well under normal conditions but fails in extreme heat.

The machine performs well normally but not in very hot conditions.

Original: The program aims to help students, although its impact is still being studied.

The program may help students, but its effect is still under review.

The researchers were circumspect in drawing conclusions from the preliminary data.

cautious

The proposal was criticized for its speculative claims.

based on guesses

The new method offered only a marginal improvement over the old one.

slight

The committee found the explanation untenable.

impossible to defend

The results were anomalous compared with earlier trials.

unexpected

The evidence was conclusive.

final and convincing

The instructions were so opaque that few students understood them.

confusing

The theory was later discredited by new findings.

proven false

The data showed a substantial increase in efficiency.

significant

The policy was revised after public criticism.

rewritten

The drug had only a negligible effect on recovery time.

almost none

The solution was merely a temporary fix.

short-term

The board finally endorsed the proposal.

approved

The material is resilient under extreme conditions.

strong and resistant

The lecture gave a concise overview of the topic.

brief but complete

The new rule will _____student behavior.

affect

The teacher asked students to _____their answers from the text.

infer

The school's main _____is academic excellence.

principle

Fewer students chose science this year, but _____students chose mathematics.

further

This is the _____reason for the delay.

principal

The two ideas are quite _____from each other.

discrete

The report was _____ with earlier findings.

based on

The committee will _____ the results next week.

investigate

The company will _____ its products nationwide.

distribute

The plan was designed to _____ risks.

reduce

The author tried to _____ his argument with evidence.

support

The instructions must be followed _____.

carefully

The team tested several materials for the bridge. Steel was strong but costly. Aluminum was lighter but less durable. The final choice balanced strength and cost.What does "balanced" most nearly mean?

adjusted

The teacher changed the lesson plan because students were confused. The new plan used more examples and activities.The word "changed" most nearly means:

improved

The medicine relieved pain quickly, but its effects lasted only a short time.The word "relieved" most nearly means:

reduced

The storm damaged several houses, yet most families returned within days.The word "yet" shows:

contrast

The study was limited because only a few subjects participated.The word "limited" most nearly means:

small in scope

The project succeeded due to careful planning. The word "due to" means:

because of

The speaker paused briefly before answering the question.The word "briefly" most nearly means:

for a short time

The decision was delayed after new information was discovered. The word "delayed" most nearly means:

postponed

Evidence That the Climate Is Warming | Paraphrased from: NASA, "The Evidence" and "Climate Change" pages. Earth's average temperature has increased over time, and multiple observations point in the same direction. Measurements show rising surface temperatures and warmer oceans, while glaciers and ice sheets have been shrinking. Sea level has also risen as water expands with heat and as land ice melts. Scientists rely on long-term records and many kinds of data to identify these patterns. Taken together, these trends support the conclusion that the climate is warming.

Which statement best expresses the main idea of the passage?

Several observations support the conclusion that the climate is warming.

Evidence That the Climate Is Warming | Paraphrased from: NASA, "The Evidence" and "Climate Change" pages. Earth's average temperature has increased over time, and multiple observations point in the same direction. Measurements show rising surface temperatures and warmer oceans, while glaciers and ice sheets have been shrinking. Sea level has also risen as water expands with heat and as land ice melts. Scientists rely on long-term records and many kinds of data to identify these patterns. Taken together, these trends support the conclusion that the climate is warming.

Which detail is presented as evidence of warming?

A rise in ocean temperature

Evidence That the Climate Is Warming | Paraphrased from: NASA, "The Evidence" and "Climate Change" pages. Earth's average temperature has increased over time, and multiple observations point in the same direction. Measurements show rising surface temperatures and warmer oceans, while glaciers and ice sheets have been shrinking. Sea level has also risen as water expands with heat and as land ice melts. Scientists rely on long-term records and many kinds of data to identify these patterns. Taken together, these trends support the conclusion that the climate is warming.

The passage implies that scientists increase confidence by using:

many kinds of long-term measurements

Removing Barriers to Learning | Paraphrased from: UNESCO, "Inclusion in education" pages.

Inclusive education aims to ensure that every learner can participate and succeed. Rather than focusing on one group, it looks for barriers that prevent students from learning. These barriers may involve teaching approaches, materials, language, or school policies. When barriers are identified, schools can adjust instruction and support systems. The goal is equal opportunity in education for all learners.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Inclusive education focuses on removing barriers so all learners can succeed.

Removing Barriers to Learning | Paraphrased from: UNESCO, "Inclusion in education" pages.

Inclusive education aims to ensure that every learner can participate and succeed. Rather than focusing on one group, it looks for barriers that prevent students from learning. These barriers may involve teaching approaches, materials, language, or school policies. When barriers are identified, schools can adjust instruction and support systems. The goal is equal opportunity in education for all learners.

Which is presented as an example of a barrier?

Explanation: This tests Detail Recall. The passage lists teaching methods and materials as barriers.

Teaching approaches and materials

Removing Barriers to Learning | Paraphrased from: UNESCO, "Inclusion in education" pages.

Inclusive education aims to ensure that every learner can participate and succeed. Rather than focusing on one group, it looks for barriers that prevent students from learning. These barriers may involve teaching approaches, materials, language, or school policies. When barriers are identified, schools can adjust instruction and support systems. The goal is equal opportunity in education for all learners.

The passage suggest that schools should respond to barriers by:

adjusting instruction and support systems

How Physical Activity Supports Health | Paraphrased from: WHO, physical activity guidance and fact sheets. Regular physical activity supports health in several ways. It helps strengthen the heart and lungs and can reduce the risk of certain diseases. Activity can also improve well- being by lowering stress and supporting mood. Health guidance often emphasizes consistent movement across the week, not only occasional exercise. Overall, physical activity is recommended as part of a healthy lifestyle.

Which best states the main idea?

Physical activity benefits both physical health and well-being.

How Physical Activity Supports Health | Paraphrased from: WHO, physical activity guidance and fact sheets. Regular physical activity supports health in several ways. It helps strengthen the heart and lungs and can reduce the risk of certain diseases. Activity can also improve well- being by lowering stress and supporting mood. Health guidance often emphasizes consistent movement across the week, not only occasional exercise. Overall, physical activity is recommended as part of a healthy lifestyle.

Which benefit is explicitly mentioned?

Stronger heart and lungs

How Physical Activity Supports Health | Paraphrased from: WHO, physical activity guidance and fact sheets. Regular physical activity supports health in several ways. It helps strengthen the heart and lungs and can reduce the risk of certain diseases. Activity can also improve well- being by lowering stress and supporting mood. Health guidance often emphasizes consistent movement across the week, not only occasional exercise. Overall, physical activity is recommended as part of a healthy lifestyle.

The passage emphasizes that physical activity should be:

consistent across the week

Congestion and Cleaner Urban Transport | Paraphrased from: World Bank urban mobility and transport materials. Heavy traffic can slow daily travel and worsen air quality in large cities. When many people rely on private vehicles, congestion increases and travel becomes less predictable. Cities address this problem by improving public transport and supporting safer walking and cycling options. These alternatives can reduce the number of cars on the road and lower pollution levels. In this way, transport planning affects both mobility and public health.

Which is the main idea?

Traffic problems can be reduced through transport planning that offers alternatives to driving.

Congestion and Cleaner Urban Transport | Paraphrased from: World Bank urban mobility and transport materials. Heavy traffic can slow daily travel and worsen air quality in large cities. When many people rely on private vehicles, congestion increases and travel becomes less predictable. Cities address this problem by improving public transport and supporting safer walking and cycling options. These alternatives can reduce the number of cars on the road and lower pollution levels. In this way, transport planning affects both mobility and public health.

According to the passage, what tends to increase congestion?

More people relying on private vehicles

Congestion and Cleaner Urban Transport | Paraphrased from: World Bank urban mobility and transport materials. Heavy traffic can slow daily travel and worsen air quality in large cities. When many people rely on private vehicles, congestion increases and travel becomes less predictable. Cities address this problem by improving public transport and supporting safer walking and cycling options. These alternatives can reduce the number of cars on the road and lower pollution levels. In this way, transport planning affects both mobility and public health.

The passage implies that transport planning influences public health mainly by:

reducing pollution exposure