PLD-LAB ACTIVITY (1)

1. he CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations.

he CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of a computer. It is responsible for executing instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations.

2. Non-volatile memory is a type of memory that retains data even when the power is turned off. Unlike volatile memory (like RAM), non-volatile memory is used to store permanent or semi-permanent data, such as system firmware or boot instructions.

Non-volatile memory is a type of memory that retains data even when the power is turned off. Unlike volatile memory (like RAM), non-volatile memory is used to store permanent or semi-permanent data, such as system firmware or boot instructions.

3. Digital computers use the binary number system, which is based on two digits: 0 and 1. This system is ideal for electronic devices because it matches the two states of digital electronics:

Digital computers use the binary number system, which is based on two digits: 0 and 1. This system is ideal for electronic devices because it matches the two states of digital electronics:

• 0 = Off / Low voltage

• 1 = On / High voltage

4.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a critical component of the CPU (Central Processing Unit). It is responsible for performing all the arithmetic and logical operations that a computer needs to execute instructions.

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a critical component of the CPU (Central Processing Unit). It is responsible for performing all the arithmetic and logical operations that a computer needs to execute instructions.

5. A loop allows a program to execute a set of instructions repeatedly, either a specific number of times or until a certain condition is met. Loops are essential for automating repetitive tasks, reducing code duplication, and improving efficiency.

A loop allows a program to execute a set of instructions repeatedly, either a specific number of times or until a certain condition is met. Loops are essential for automating repetitive tasks, reducing code duplication, and improving efficiency.

6. An AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that outputs true (1) only when all of its inputs are true (1).

An AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that outputs true (1) only when all of its inputs are true (1).

7.An Operating System is the core software that runs on a computer and acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware. It controls all the basic functions of the computer and allows other software to run smoothly.

An Operating System is the core software that runs on a computer and acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware. It controls all the basic functions of the computer and allows other software to run smoothly.

8.Computers primarily use the binary number system, which consists of only two digits: 0 and 1. This system is called base-2, compared to the decimal system which is base-10 and uses digits 0 through 9. The reason computers use binary is because their hardware components, such as transistors and logic gates, have two distinct states that can be easily represented as on/off or high/low voltage. These two states correspond perfectly to the binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. This binary representation allows computers to perform complex calculations, store data, and execute instructions reliably and efficiently.

Computers primarily use the binary number system, which consists of only two digits: 0 and 1. This system is called base-2, compared to the decimal system which is base-10 and uses digits 0 through 9. The reason computers use binary is because their hardware components, such as transistors and logic gates, have two distinct states that can be easily represented as on/off or high/low voltage. These two states correspond perfectly to the binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. This binary representation allows computers to perform complex calculations, store data, and execute instructions reliably and efficiently.

9. HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web. This protocol is used by web browsers and servers to request and deliver web pages, images, videos, and other content.

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web. This protocol is used by web browsers and servers to request and deliver web pages, images, videos, and other content.

10. Python is a high-level programming language known for its clear syntax and readability, making it easy for humans to write and understand.

• High-level languages like Python allow programmers to write instructions using words and symbols that are closer to human language.

• These languages are portable and abstract away the hardware details, meaning you don’t need to manage things like memory manually.

• Python code is interpreted or compiled into machine code so the computer can execute it.
  

• Python is a high-level programming language known for its clear syntax and readability, making it easy for humans to write and understand.

• High-level languages like Python allow programmers to write instructions using words and symbols that are closer to human language.

• These languages are portable and abstract away the hardware details, meaning you don’t need to manage things like memory manually.

• Python code is interpreted or compiled into machine code so the computer can execute it.

11. A modem (short for modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over traditional communication lines like telephone lines, and then converts incoming analog signals back into digital form.

A modem (short for modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over traditional communication lines like telephone lines, and then converts incoming analog signals back into digital form.

12. RAM is a type of volatile memory used by computers to store data and instructions temporarily while programs are running. It allows the CPU to quickly access data and execute tasks efficiently.

RAM is a type of volatile memory used by computers to store data and instructions temporarily while programs are running. It allows the CPU to quickly access data and execute tasks efficiently.

13. A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It can have only two possible values: 0 or 1.

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It can have only two possible values: 0 or 1.

14.A compiler takes the entire program code written by a programmer (in languages like C, C++, or Java) and converts it all at once into a lower-level language (usually machine code).

• This machine code is directly understood by the computer’s CPU and can be executed without needing the compiler again.

• The process is called compilation.

• A compiler takes the entire program code written by a programmer (in languages like C, C++, or Java) and converts it all at once into a lower-level language (usually machine code).

• This machine code is directly understood by the computer’s CPU and can be executed without needing the compiler again.

• The process is called compilation.

15. The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), often found on a dedicated graphics card, is the hardware component responsible for rendering images, videos, and animations on your computer screen.

The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), often found on a dedicated graphics card, is the hardware component responsible for rendering images, videos, and animations on your computer screen.

16. 
    Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that govern how data is sent and received over the internet and other computer networks. It is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so they can travel across networks and reach the correct destination.

    
    

Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that govern how data is sent and received over the internet and other computer networks. It is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so they can travel across networks and reach the correct destination.

17. Input devices are hardware components used to send data or control signals into a computer. They allow users to interact with the computer by providing information or commands.

• Mouse, Keyboard, and Scanner are input devices because:

  • Mouse: Lets users control the cursor and interact with the computer.

  • Keyboard: Allows users to input text and commands.

  • Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital data for the computer.

• Monitor is not an input device; it is an output device. It displays information (text, images, videos) from the computer to the user.

• Input devices are hardware components used to send data or control signals into a computer. They allow users to interact with the computer by providing information or commands.

• Mouse, Keyboard, and Scanner are input devices because:

  • Mouse: Lets users control the cursor and interact with the computer.

  • Keyboard: Allows users to input text and commands.

  • Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital data for the computer.

• Monitor is not an input device; it is an output device. It displays information (text, images, videos) from the computer to the user.

18. A byte is a standard unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits.

A byte is a standard unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits.

Transistors are tiny semiconductor devices that can turn electrical signals on or off, acting like a switch.

• In a processor, millions or billions of transistors work together to process data by controlling the flow of electrical current.

• They enable the processor to perform logic operations (like AND, OR, NOT) by switching circuits on and off rapidly.

• Transistors are also used to amplify signals, ensuring the strength of electrical signals remains adequate.

• Transistors are tiny semiconductor devices that can turn electrical signals on or off, acting like a switch.

• In a processor, millions or billions of transistors work together to process data by controlling the flow of electrical current.

• They enable the processor to perform logic operations (like AND, OR, NOT) by switching circuits on and off rapidly.

• Transistors are also used to amplify signals, ensuring the strength of electrical signals remains adequate.

20. The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a firmware stored in ROM, a type of non-volatile memory.

• ROM retains its data even when the computer is powered off, making it ideal for storing essential startup instructions like the BIOS.

• The BIOS initializes hardware components during the booting process and provides a basic interface between the operating system and the hardware.

• The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a firmware stored in ROM, a type of non-volatile memory.

• ROM retains its data even when the computer is powered off, making it ideal for storing essential startup instructions like the BIOS.

• The BIOS initializes hardware components during the booting process and provides a basic interface between the operating system and the hardware.