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Period 1
The Social Order of America (Founding-Civil War)
Topic 1: Social Structures in Early American History (1776-1812)
Topic 2: Early Capitalism: Ramification & Responses (1800-1840)
Topic 3: The Experience of Slavery (1619-1865)
Topic 4: Slavery → Abolition (1619-1865)
Topic 5: The Civil War and the End of Slavery (1861-1865)
Topic 1: Social Structures in Early American History
Social Structures in Early American History (1776-1812): Rights and Inequalities @ founding legally & culturally
Politics
Economics
Gender
Race
Topic 1: Politics
Equalities @ founding:
guys can vote
fewer class restrictions on voting
politics are normalized (for all classes not just wealthy)
rights of constitution & bill of rights
Inequalities @ founding:
beginning to limit voting to white & male in state const
no women
ex: NJ allowed black men til 1807
Topic 1: Economics
Equalities @ founding:
more free markets
class doesn’t condition voting
free labor, but no wage economy
= indentured servants paid w/ room & board
Inequalities @ founding:
slave-labor
Topic 1: Gender
Equalities @ founding:
republican motherhood: elevation of motherhood to educational position + responsible for training future citizens = needed to be versed in politics
Inequalities @ founding:
republican motherhood also limited women’s role to children
Topic 1: Race
Equalities @ founding:
rhetoric shifting towards freedom
emancipation in Britain
Elizabeth Freeman sued for her freedom and won = ppl exercising their rights
Inequalities @ founding:
voting, slavery
Topic 2: Early Capitalism: Ramification & Responses
Early Capitalism: Ramification & Responses (1800-1840)
The Market Revolution Changes: Economy/ Social Class, Gender & family, Race /immigration, Slavery
topic 2: Economy/ Social class changes
(pre civil war) Market Revolution shifted focus from farming → commerical economy (fueled by science/new industrial tech)
= growing income gap between classes (farmers → factory workers → factory owners)
factories make more $ vs farming reaches new lows bc no longer produce needs (pay for food, fuel, clothes)
emergence of the middle class (less so in the south bc they held positions like factory manager, bankers, lawyers)
topic 2: family & gender changes
ideology of seperate spheres for men & women (work world is harsher & for men: low-wages + poor working conditions)
lower class looked down on for:
women & childern intro to factory production over home
school = economic privledge for wealth
middle-class now has help (drugery, scrubbing floors) = more time for trivial things like making a cake
topic 2: race & immigration
Nativism: racism expands… America shouldn’t be diverse, it should be “pure” white & Protestant
Immigrants:
lower working class: irish, german, jewish, italian, french
ppl come bc were facing exterme poverty @ home
go to factories over farms bc of demand
face discrimination + furthers idea that only “bad ppl” “diverse” ppl send kids/wives to factory
topic 2: slavery
N/S division between industry v. slavery
ironiclly they fuel eachother: production for profit using cash crops (tobacco, cotton)
1801 ban on slave import only inc value of slaves and makes ppl want to 1. keep $ in slaves 2. expand west
Topic 3: The Experience of Slavery
(1619-1865)
slavery is not only for life but generation (passed down)
it exploits all forms of labor + dehuminzation (names, dress, treatment)
physical, sexual, reproductive: rape to produce more slaves & selfish reasons (of men, women, childeren both ways)
Thomas Jefferson had slaves who were his kids
emotional: exploitation of love → caring for, nursing kids (wet nurse must have had kid), illusion of family, can lead to exploitation
Paternalism → says abuse/obedience/hiearchy is good for all
forced reproduction → bred for “ideal slaves” like animals + scrutinized at sale
topic 4: slavery → Abolition
Early Anti-Slavery (1619-1865)
White Reaction to Early Slavery: Acceptance (1619-1680s)
Quakers and the American Convention of Abolition Societies (1794)
American Colonization Society (1817)
Slave Rebellions & Revolts (1820s-1830s)
Abolitionism (1830s-1860s)
topic 4: White Reaction to Early Slavery: Acceptance
(1619-1680s)
1619: first black slaves brought to America
slaves actively resisted slavery since inception: doing poor work, attempted lawsuits, slave songs, rebellion via violence
vast majority of white Americans had no problem, believed Bible justified slavery
Quakers and the American Convention of Abolition Societies
1794: (not second great awakening)
Quakers believe in equality: all ppl have same “spark of divinity” & can access holy spirit + be religious leaders
many owned slaves but began to argue that if God made ppl spiritual equals, slavery was in violation of God’s design
1794: formed American Convention of Abolition Societies → umbrella group that tried to form city-state level movements using laws to gradually end slavery
American Colonization Society
(1817): (Robert Finley) group that sought to end slavery by returning blacks to Afria
did not believe in equality: 2 races could not live together in peace
1821-1847 a few thousand were send to Liberia (black colony established by ACS)
bought ppl & encouraged emigration = gradual end to slavery
opposed by blacks and whites bc rooted in racism
like Marcus Garvey
Slave Rebellions & Revolts
(1820s-1830s)
series of slave revolts in Biritsh colonies (Barbados + Jamacia) made slaveholders stricter/paranoid + inspired enslaved blacks
Dangerous Walkin N
Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion (1822)
David Walker’s Appeal (1829)
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion
1822 - had a vision from God + luck
dangerous
won lottery + purchased freedom, became active in African Methodist Episcopal (AME) in SC tied into network of slave + free blacks
1821 began to plan a revolt
help secret meetings w/ network to plan revolt: meet @ arsenal for weapons & then kill white slaveholders in Charleston Haiti style
1822 → law enforcement was tipped off and Vesey was executed
David Walker’s Appeal
1829 - violence was intellectually justifiable
David Walker was a free black man of MA who published a pamphlet w/ 3 key ideas
Black Unity:
articulated that black ppl in America were united in their struggle against racism
Blacks should work to overthrow slavery:
blacks must take action & claim their rights + they r justified in using whatever means possible
Blacks had a rightful place in America:
anti-colonization, America has been built of black labor + blood
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
1831 - had a vision from God
was an enslaved black preacher in Viriginia who led a 4 day rebellion w/ free+enslaved blacks
went door to door freeing slaves + killing whites = at least 51 whites killed
revolutionary violence would awaken whites to their own brutaliy + spread fear AND IT DID
militias began to organize & state legistatures passed laws prohibiting black education + requiring white ministers presence @ meetings
Topic 4: Abolitionism
(1830s-1860s) shift in anti-slavery movement emerged out of 2nd Great Awakening which preached that Christ was coming & we needed to purify selves + neighbors
unify blacks, whites, men & women
gradual end → immediate end to slavery
use of any means → use of the law
often didn’t believe in social equality → believed in social equality (some feminism too)
was radical + inspired by black activism & evangelical fervor
Figures (5) Gods Defenders Gave Brave Tunnels
William Lloyd Garrision
Frederick Douglass
The Grimke Sisters
John Brown
Harriet Tubman & the Underground Railroad
William Lloyd Garrision
Gallant: moral solution to slavery, white man
gave sermons + firey speeches: slavery = evil, sinful, anti-evangelical Christain (blacks, whites, men, women = equal)
spread “the word'“ = solution to slavery via persuasion
worked w/ Douglass + started abolition newspaper: The Liberator 1831
helped found American Anti-Slavery Society 1833
Frederick Douglass
Defenders: moral solution to slaver
born into slavery, escaped 1838 (20) → New Bedford, MA
reveals “truth” of slaver: breaks up families, whites were enslaving own kids, brutality, denied education (blacks, whites, men, women = equal)
critiqued gov
worked w/ Garrision on speeches: gave testimony
3 autobiographies: Narrative of the Life of FD 1845
abolition newspaper: North Star 1847
The Grimke Sisters
Gave: moral solution, white women, plantation daughters
grew up in SC but rejected slavery
reveal “truths” abt slaveholders in speeches/testimonies
these women + Garisons support for womens rights = 2 sides of movement:
The radical wing led by Garrison preached universal human equality
The conservative wing focused solely on emancipation and believed that questions about women’s rights should be addressed at a later time
John Brown
Brave: violent is only solution - religiously radically abolitionist
Bleeding Kansas 1854: violent clash between abolitionist and slaveholders in Kansas in which he and his supporters killed 5 people
Harper’s Ferry 1859: attempted raid of armory in VA to start slave uprising, arrested in 36hrs, charged for murder of 5 men, inciting slave insurrection & treason
first person executed for treason
scared slaveholders, uprising = imminent
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
Tunnels: black women enslaved → escape
Made 13-19 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people, including family and friends from slavery, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad
This network included both black and white abolitionists
topic 4: abolition main ideas
Efforts to eradicate slavery in America are as old as slavery itself
Threats to the institution came both from inside the system (by the enslaved) and outside the system (by anti-slavery advocates)
The nature of challenges from the outside the system changed: legal gradualism → immediate, any means
Opposition to slavery has always been driven by a diverse group of Americans (free/slave, black/white, male/female)
topic 5: The Civil War & End of Slavery
(1861-1865): slavery = central cause of war
Robert Smalls: boat escape
Confederacy Formed & Lincoln decares war bc (1861)
Contraband Act (1861)
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Confederacy Formed
Confederacy Formed & Lincoln decares war bc (1861):
1. consts creates 1 nation & u can’t opt out this is a rebellion
2. democracy CANT fail
Contraband Act
1861: slaves are illegal objects of war, Virginia refused to return slaves = pos. for slaves learning to read and write (Hampton College, Mary Peak) but neg. for soilder camps
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 → executive order that “freed all slaves” in confederate states, more runaways, black men can join union army
Why?
1. military strat because takes power away from confederacy and gives to union
2. economic strat bc starves union
NOT based in morals yet bc Lincoln didnt believe he had const authority to end slavery
In war:
union soilders resisted black soilders
confederate soilders: simply ignored laws of war and killed “slaves”
black ppl: fighting for slavery + to prove selves to US = social roles start to shift