Period 1: The Social Order of the Early America (Founding-Civil War) A Social History of the United States Unit

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Period 1

The Social Order of America (Founding-Civil War)

  • Topic 1: Social Structures in Early American History (1776-1812)

  • Topic 2: Early Capitalism: Ramification & Responses (1800-1840)

  • Topic 3: The Experience of Slavery (1619-1865)

  • Topic 4: Slavery → Abolition (1619-1865)

  • Topic 5: The Civil War and the End of Slavery (1861-1865)

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Topic 1: Social Structures in Early American History

Social Structures in Early American History (1776-1812): Rights and Inequalities @ founding legally & culturally

  • Politics

  • Economics

  • Gender

  • Race

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Topic 1: Politics

Equalities @ founding:

  • guys can vote

  • fewer class restrictions on voting

  • politics are normalized (for all classes not just wealthy)

  • rights of constitution & bill of rights

Inequalities @ founding:

  • beginning to limit voting to white & male in state const

  • no women

    • ex: NJ allowed black men til 1807

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Topic 1: Economics

Equalities @ founding:

  • more free markets

  • class doesn’t condition voting

  • free labor, but no wage economy

    • = indentured servants paid w/ room & board

Inequalities @ founding:

  • slave-labor

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Topic 1: Gender

Equalities @ founding:

  • republican motherhood: elevation of motherhood to educational position + responsible for training future citizens = needed to be versed in politics

Inequalities @ founding:

  • republican motherhood also limited women’s role to children

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Topic 1: Race

Equalities @ founding:

  • rhetoric shifting towards freedom

  • emancipation in Britain

  • Elizabeth Freeman sued for her freedom and won = ppl exercising their rights

Inequalities @ founding:

  • voting, slavery

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Topic 2: Early Capitalism: Ramification & Responses

Early Capitalism: Ramification & Responses (1800-1840)

  • The Market Revolution Changes: Economy/ Social Class, Gender & family, Race /immigration, Slavery

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topic 2: Economy/ Social class changes

(pre civil war) Market Revolution shifted focus from farming → commerical economy (fueled by science/new industrial tech)

  • = growing income gap between classes (farmers → factory workers → factory owners)

    • factories make more $ vs farming reaches new lows bc no longer produce needs (pay for food, fuel, clothes)

  • emergence of the middle class (less so in the south bc they held positions like factory manager, bankers, lawyers)

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topic 2: family & gender changes

ideology of seperate spheres for men & women (work world is harsher & for men: low-wages + poor working conditions)

  • lower class looked down on for:

  • women & childern intro to factory production over home

  • school = economic privledge for wealth

middle-class now has help (drugery, scrubbing floors) = more time for trivial things like making a cake

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topic 2: race & immigration

  • Nativism: racism expands… America shouldn’t be diverse, it should be “pure” white & Protestant

  • Immigrants:

    • lower working class: irish, german, jewish, italian, french

    • ppl come bc were facing exterme poverty @ home

    • go to factories over farms bc of demand

    • face discrimination + furthers idea that only “bad ppl” “diverse” ppl send kids/wives to factory

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topic 2: slavery

  • N/S division between industry v. slavery

  • ironiclly they fuel eachother: production for profit using cash crops (tobacco, cotton)

  • 1801 ban on slave import only inc value of slaves and makes ppl want to 1. keep $ in slaves 2. expand west

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Topic 3: The Experience of Slavery

(1619-1865)

slavery is not only for life but generation (passed down)

  • it exploits all forms of labor + dehuminzation (names, dress, treatment)

    • physical, sexual, reproductive: rape to produce more slaves & selfish reasons (of men, women, childeren both ways)

    • Thomas Jefferson had slaves who were his kids

    • emotional: exploitation of love → caring for, nursing kids (wet nurse must have had kid), illusion of family, can lead to exploitation

  • Paternalism → says abuse/obedience/hiearchy is good for all

  • forced reproduction → bred for “ideal slaves” like animals + scrutinized at sale

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topic 4: slavery → Abolition

Early Anti-Slavery (1619-1865)

  • White Reaction to Early Slavery: Acceptance (1619-1680s)

  • Quakers and the American Convention of Abolition Societies (1794)

  • American Colonization Society (1817)

  • Slave Rebellions & Revolts (1820s-1830s)

  • Abolitionism (1830s-1860s)

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topic 4: White Reaction to Early Slavery: Acceptance

(1619-1680s)

  • 1619: first black slaves brought to America

  • slaves actively resisted slavery since inception: doing poor work, attempted lawsuits, slave songs, rebellion via violence

  • vast majority of white Americans had no problem, believed Bible justified slavery

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Quakers and the American Convention of Abolition Societies

1794: (not second great awakening)

  • Quakers believe in equality: all ppl have same “spark of divinity” & can access holy spirit + be religious leaders

  • many owned slaves but began to argue that if God made ppl spiritual equals, slavery was in violation of God’s design

  • 1794: formed American Convention of Abolition Societies → umbrella group that tried to form city-state level movements using laws to gradually end slavery

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American Colonization Society

(1817): (Robert Finley) group that sought to end slavery by returning blacks to Afria

  • did not believe in equality: 2 races could not live together in peace

  • 1821-1847 a few thousand were send to Liberia (black colony established by ACS)

  • bought ppl & encouraged emigration = gradual end to slavery

    • opposed by blacks and whites bc rooted in racism

    • like Marcus Garvey

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Slave Rebellions & Revolts

(1820s-1830s)

  • series of slave revolts in Biritsh colonies (Barbados + Jamacia) made slaveholders stricter/paranoid + inspired enslaved blacks

  • Dangerous Walkin N

  • Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion (1822)

  • David Walker’s Appeal (1829)

  • Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

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Denmark Vesey’s Rebellion

1822 - had a vision from God + luck

dangerous

  • won lottery + purchased freedom, became active in African Methodist Episcopal (AME) in SC tied into network of slave + free blacks

  • 1821 began to plan a revolt

  • help secret meetings w/ network to plan revolt: meet @ arsenal for weapons & then kill white slaveholders in Charleston Haiti style

  • 1822 → law enforcement was tipped off and Vesey was executed

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David Walker’s Appeal

1829 - violence was intellectually justifiable

  • David Walker was a free black man of MA who published a pamphlet w/ 3 key ideas

  • Black Unity:

    • articulated that black ppl in America were united in their struggle against racism

  • Blacks should work to overthrow slavery:

    • blacks must take action & claim their rights + they r justified in using whatever means possible

  • Blacks had a rightful place in America:

    • anti-colonization, America has been built of black labor + blood

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Nat Turner’s Rebellion

1831 - had a vision from God

  • was an enslaved black preacher in Viriginia who led a 4 day rebellion w/ free+enslaved blacks

  • went door to door freeing slaves + killing whites = at least 51 whites killed

  • revolutionary violence would awaken whites to their own brutaliy + spread fear AND IT DID

    • militias began to organize & state legistatures passed laws prohibiting black education + requiring white ministers presence @ meetings

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Topic 4: Abolitionism

(1830s-1860s) shift in anti-slavery movement emerged out of 2nd Great Awakening which preached that Christ was coming & we needed to purify selves + neighbors

  • unify blacks, whites, men & women

  • gradual end → immediate end to slavery

  • use of any means → use of the law

  • often didn’t believe in social equality → believed in social equality (some feminism too)

  • was radical + inspired by black activism & evangelical fervor

  • Figures (5) Gods Defenders Gave Brave Tunnels

    • William Lloyd Garrision

    • Frederick Douglass

    • The Grimke Sisters

    • John Brown

    • Harriet Tubman & the Underground Railroad

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William Lloyd Garrision

  • Gallant: moral solution to slavery, white man

    • gave sermons + firey speeches: slavery = evil, sinful, anti-evangelical Christain (blacks, whites, men, women = equal)

    • spread “the word'“ = solution to slavery via persuasion

    • worked w/ Douglass + started abolition newspaper: The Liberator 1831

    • helped found American Anti-Slavery Society 1833

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Frederick Douglass

  • Defenders: moral solution to slaver

    • born into slavery, escaped 1838 (20) → New Bedford, MA

    • reveals “truth” of slaver: breaks up families, whites were enslaving own kids, brutality, denied education (blacks, whites, men, women = equal)

    • critiqued gov

    • worked w/ Garrision on speeches: gave testimony

    • 3 autobiographies: Narrative of the Life of FD 1845

    • abolition newspaper: North Star 1847

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The Grimke Sisters

  • Gave: moral solution, white women, plantation daughters

    • grew up in SC but rejected slavery

    • reveal “truths” abt slaveholders in speeches/testimonies

    • these women + Garisons support for womens rights = 2 sides of movement:

    • The radical wing led by Garrison preached universal human equality

    • The conservative wing focused solely on emancipation and believed that questions about women’s rights should be addressed at a later time

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John Brown

  • Brave: violent is only solution - religiously radically abolitionist

    • Bleeding Kansas 1854: violent clash between abolitionist and slaveholders in Kansas in which he and his supporters killed 5 people

    • Harper’s Ferry 1859: attempted raid of armory in VA to start slave uprising, arrested in 36hrs, charged for murder of 5 men, inciting slave insurrection & treason

      • first person executed for treason

        • scared slaveholders, uprising = imminent

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Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

  • Tunnels: black women enslaved → escape

  • Made 13-19 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people, including family and friends from slavery, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad

    • This network included both black and white abolitionists

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topic 4: abolition main ideas

  • Efforts to eradicate slavery in America are as old as slavery itself

  • Threats to the institution came both from inside the system (by the enslaved) and outside the system (by anti-slavery advocates)

  • The nature of challenges from the outside the system changed: legal gradualism → immediate, any means

  • Opposition to slavery has always been driven by a diverse group of Americans (free/slave, black/white, male/female)

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topic 5: The Civil War & End of Slavery

(1861-1865): slavery = central cause of war

  • Robert Smalls: boat escape

  • Confederacy Formed & Lincoln decares war bc (1861)

  • Contraband Act (1861)

  • Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

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Confederacy Formed

  • Confederacy Formed & Lincoln decares war bc (1861):

    • 1. consts creates 1 nation & u can’t opt out this is a rebellion

    • 2. democracy CANT fail

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Contraband Act

  • 1861: slaves are illegal objects of war, Virginia refused to return slaves = pos. for slaves learning to read and write (Hampton College, Mary Peak) but neg. for soilder camps

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Emancipation Proclamation

  • 1863 → executive order that “freed all slaves” in confederate states, more runaways, black men can join union army

    • Why?

    • 1. military strat because takes power away from confederacy and gives to union

    • 2. economic strat bc starves union

    • NOT based in morals yet bc Lincoln didnt believe he had const authority to end slavery

  • In war:

    • union soilders resisted black soilders

    • confederate soilders: simply ignored laws of war and killed “slaves”

    • black ppl: fighting for slavery + to prove selves to US = social roles start to shift