Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Applications

Flashcards for reviewing Fluid Mechanics concepts from AKTU B.Tech II-Sem notes.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Fluid

A substance which is capable of flowing and deforms continuously under the action of tangential or shear force.

Fluid Mechanics

Branch of science which deals with the behavior of fluids at rest as well as in motion.

Pressure

Normal force per unit area, measured in Pascals (Pa).

Density (ρ)

Mass per unit volume of a substance, measured in kg/m³.

Specific Weight (w)

Weight per unit volume of a substance, calculated as ρg (density * gravity), measured in N/m³.

Specific Gravity (s)

Ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of a standard fluid (water for liquids, air for gases).

Dynamic Viscosity (μ)

The property of a fluid that resists the force between its adjacent layers.

Kinematic Viscosity (ν)

Ratio of dynamic viscosity to density (μ/ρ), measured in m²/s or stokes.

Newtonian Fluid

Fluids that obey Newton's law of viscosity (shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear deformation).

Non-Newtonian Fluid

Fluids that do not obey Newton's law of viscosity.

Ideal Fluid

Incompressible fluid with zero viscosity (does not exist in nature).

Real Fluid

A fluid that possesses viscosity.

Pascal's Law

In a closed system, the pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.

Hydraulic Machines

Machines which convert either hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

Turbines

Machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

Pumps

Machines which convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

Impulse Turbine

Turbine where only kinetic energy is available at the inlet.

Reaction Turbine

Turbine where both kinetic and pressure energy are available at the inlet.

Continuity Equation

Based on the "principle of conservation of mass".

Casing

Outer covering of the turbine used to avoid accidents and prevent splashing of water.

Breaking jet

Used to stop the runner in the shortest possible time, by directing the jet of water at the back of the vanes.

Draft Tube

A diverging tube fitted at the exit of the runner of the turbine and used to utilize the kinetic energy available with water at the exit of the runner.

Centrifugal Pump

Pump based on converting rotational kinetic energy.

Cylinder - Reciprocating Pump

Chamber where the piston moves backward and forward.