Introduction to Psychology - Scientific Method and Research Types

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to the scientific method and research methods in psychology.

Scientific Method

A systematic method used by scientists to propose theories, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions.

Theory

A system of ideas that explains observations and predicts future observations.

Descriptive Research

Research that aims to describe a phenomenon but does not answer why it occurs.

Correlation Coefficient (r)

A numerical index of the relationship between two variables, ranging from -1.00 to +1.00.

Independent Variable

The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable measured in an experiment, expected to change as a result of manipulation of the independent variable.

Random Sample

A sample where each individual has an equal chance of being selected from the population.

Internal Validity

The extent to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

External Validity

The extent to which research results can be generalized to real-world settings.

Experimental Research

Research aimed at determining causation through manipulation and controlled conditions.

Placebo Effect

The phenomenon where participants experience changes due to their expectations rather than the treatment itself.

Peer Review

The process in which research findings are evaluated by experts in the field before publication.

Statistical Significance (α = 0.05)

A threshold indicating that the likelihood that the observed results are due to chance is very low.

Critical Thinking

The ability to analyze and evaluate information and arguments in a skeptical yet open-minded manner.

Meta-analysis

A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

Naturalistic Observation

Research conducted in the real world without manipulation or control by the researcher.