Kinesiology 361 Exam 1

Different types of bones (Examples of each)

1. Long → Femur

2. Short → Carpals

3. Irregular Vertebrae

4. Sesamoid → Patella

5. Flat → Sternum

Spongy vs Cortical

Spongy bone → Have trabeculae, spaces filled with red marrow, very porous (Like a sponge)

Cortical → Smooth and dense, outer walls of the diaphysis,

Porosity vs Density

porosity → amount of empty space or pores in a material per unit of volume

Density → amount of mass in a material per unit of volume

What makes an Osteon?

1. Lacunae

2. Lamellae

   1. Concentric

   2. Interstitial

3. Canaliculi

4. Volkmann’s Canal

5. Central Canal (Haversian)

6. Blood vessels

7. Nerves

8. Osteon

Female Athlete Triad

1. Disordered eating

2. Menstrual disturbances

3. Osteoporosis

Calcium and Collagen deficiencies

Vitamin D (Calcium) → insufficient leads to Rickets

Vitamin C (Collagen) → insufficient leads to Scurvy

Osteopenia

Mild bone loss (Lower bone density)

Osteoporosis

Severe loss of bone density
- more increased chances of fractures
-more increased in post-menopausal women
-3x more likely for women to break a hip than men
-Older adults have increased full-risk

Osteoprogenitor

Undifferentiated, produce daughter cells that can become osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

Bone builders produce new bone and matrix
Stimulated by Thyroxine and sex hormones

Osteocytes

Matured osteoblasts, housed in lacunae and maintain bone

Osteoclasts

Breakdown/resorb bone, release an acid and enzymes that breakdown bone
Stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Inhibited by Calcitonin

Joint Stability vs Joint Mobility

Stability → remain in a fixed position and resist unwanted movement, resist to dislocations

Mobility → Move freely through its range of motion

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis → No movement (Fibrous skull)

Amphiarthrosis → Limited movement (Cartilaginous, fibrocartilage)

Diarthrosis → Freely Moveable (Synovial)

Synovial Contains:

1. Synovial Cavity

2. Fibrous Capsule

3. Synovial Membrane

4. Synovial Fluid

5. Articular Cartilage

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

1. Ball and Socket

   1. All 3 planes,

2. Saddle

   1. 2 plans, flex. Exten. + ab/adduction

3. Hinge

   1. 1 Plane Flex.Exten

4. Gliding/Planar

   1. 1 Plane

5. Condyloid

   1. 2 planes, flex. Exten. + Ab/adduction

6. Pivot

   1. 1 Plane, rotation

Variables to increase joint stability.

1. Boney Structure

2. Ligaments

3. Muscles

4. Fascia/ Skin

5. Atmosphere pressure

Anatomical Planes along with the axis

1. Frontal Plane → Anterior-Posterior

2. Sagittal → Longitudinal

3. Transverse → Mediolateral

The structure of muscles

Epimysium → Bundles of Fascicles → Surrounded by Perimysium →Myofiber/Muscle fiber → Endomysium

The Structure of a Sarcomere

1. Sarcolemma

2. Mitochondrion

3. Sarcoplasm

4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

5. Nucleus

6. T-Tubules

Sarcomere during contractions

A Band → Same for Concentric, Eccentric, and Isometric

I Band → Smaller during concentric, More in eccentric, and the same in isometric

H zone → Smaller during concentric, more in eccentric, and the same in isometric

Type I Fibers

• Slow Oxidative

• Aerobic

• Fatigue resistance

• need oxygen to produce energy

• More mitochondria

• More capillaries

• Aerobic enzymes

• Take a little to get muscles going

Type II Fibers

• Fast glycolytic

• Anerobic → no oxygen

• less resistance to fatigue

• Produce more force

• Available enzymes

• Glycogen storage

• Larger motor unit size

• Two Types: Type II A and Type II B

  • Type A → More fatigue resistance

  • Type B → More fatigable

Steps for muscle contraction

Potential mechanisms of the stretch shortening cycle

1. More time is available for force to develop

2. Elastic energy storage and realization

3. Potentiation of contractile machinery

4. Interaction of series elastic components and contractile component

5. Contribution of reflexes

Length and Tension Relationship

Optimal length for max force

• Passively stretched

• Total Tension

• Develop tension

Optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension.

Force Velocity relationship

• Dynamic contractions

• As the speed of contraction increases, the force it can exert decreases

• At max. Velocity of contraction, the load is zero

Types of Contractions

1. Concentric → Muscle shortens and pulls on another structure

2. Eccentric → Muscle continues to contract while lengthening

3. Isotonic → constant tension as the muscle changes length

4. Isometric → Tension in muscles increases but with little to no movement.

5. Isokinetic → Contracts performed at a consistent speed

Different Fiber arrangements

1. Longitudinal

2. Quadrate

3. Triangular

4. Spindles/Fusiform

5. Pennate

6. Bipennate

7. Multipennate

Scalars Vs Vectors

Scalars → Both Magnitude and Direction

Vectors → Just magnitude. no specific direction

Frame Rate and Perspective errors

1. Different measurements away from camera can lead to different results

2. Different angles can impact the camera footage of the motion being taken and can lead to different results

Pitcher Stages

1. Wind-Up → Knee up

2. Stride → Foot contact + Max ER

3. Arm Cocking → Max ER

4. Arm acceleration → Max ER + Release

5. Arm Deceleration → Release

6. Follow through → Max IR

Relationship between displacement, velocity, and acceleration

Displacement → change in position

Velocity → rate of change of displacement (How fast the displacement of an object is over time)

Acceleration → Rate of change of Velocity (How quickly an object’s velocity changes)