RHIST L4 - PHP During Spanish Colonization

Political, Social, Religious, Educational Changes

• 4 types of changes that Spanish colonization had on our Filipino identity & Culture

Colonialism

• control by one power over a dependent area or people

Legal & Religious Obligation

• Colonizers saw their conquests as a ____ & ____ ______ to civilize “barbaric” or “savage” countries

• Argued that controlling & exploiting indigenous peoples’ lands and culture were in their best interests

15th Century

• spices held immense economic value — epicenter of world economy

• Cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, black pepper

16th Century/ Age of Discovery

• intense period of European expansion between Portugal and Spain

• Motivated by a complex interplay of…

  • Economic ambition

  • Political rivalry

  • Religious zeal

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

• Establishment of a new demarcation line, 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands

• Spain - west; Portugal - east

• Aim: avoid conflicts over newly discovered territories

Ferdinand Magellan

• served for 8 years in several colonizing activities

• Proposed a westward voyage to the spice islands to King Manuel I of Portugal

1517

• Magellan renounces his Portugese nationality and relocates to Seville, Spain

King Manuel I

• Portugese king who disapproved of Magellan’s voyage requests several times

King Charles I

• 18 yo Spanish king who approved of Magellan’s expedition requests

Armada de Molucca

• fleet funded by King Charles I, who went in debt

• Arrived in the PH in 1521

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

• Expedited to PH in 1542

• Arrived in Tandaya (Now Leyte) in 1543

• Named the islands “Felipinas”

Felipinas

• name given to the island of Leyte by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

• Named after the Crown Prince Don Felipe/ King Felipe II

Las Islas Filipinas

• the name for the entire archipelago, after the name “Felipinas” expanded from only naming Leyte.

• named by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

Miguel López de Legazpi

• man who was commissioned to lead an expedition to the East Indies in 1564

• landed in Samar in 1563

• Became the first Governor General of the PHP

Diplomacy

• Legazpi’s strategy for colonizing; set him apart as a conqueror

Villa Santísimo Nombre de Jesús (Town of the most Holy Name of Jesus)

• first Spanish settlement

• established in Cebu, 1565

• Stepping stone to greater control

Rajah Sulayman & Rajah Matanda

• Legazpi defeated these two datos in order to take control of Manila in 1570

Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Manila

• Legazpi proclaimed Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies under this name

• Solidified Spanish rule; foundation for colonial governance

Organizing Administration, Fostering Trade with Mexico via Galleon Trade

• 2 contributions of Miguel López de Legazpi as the First Governor General

San Agustin Church, Intramuros

• historical landmark

• where Legazpi was buried after his death by heart failure in 1572

Renegotiation of Social Stratification

• Social relations underwent redefinitions

• Result of the changing dynamics due to developing economy

• Growing relevance of the Mestizo populaiton

Peninsular

• Highest Rank on Spanish Caste System

• Pure blooded Spaniards, born in Spain

Insular

• 2nd Highest Rank on Spanish Caste System

• Pure blooded Spaniards; born in the Philippines

Mestizo (Spanish/ Chinese)

• 3rd Highest Rank on Spanish Caste System

• Born of Mixed Parentage between a native and either a Spanish or Chinese Person

Principalia

• Part of 4th highest rank on Spanish Caste System

• Wealthy pure blooded native

• Supposedly descended from the kadatoan class

Ilustrados

• Part of 4th highest rank on Spanish Caste System

• Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period

Indio

• 2nd lowest rank on Spanish Caste System

• Pure blooded native of the Philippines
  

Chino Infiel

• Lowest rank on Spanish Caste System

• Non-Catholic, Pure-Blooded Chinese

Virtue of Race

• how Spain attempted to assert dominance as they lost economic power

Principalia & Mestizo classes

• 2 classes of elites

• demanded social recognition as the Spanish tried to assert dominance via race

Encomienda

• system where Spanish colonizers were granted the legal right/ ownership of a piece of land by the King of Spain

• System often abused to legally exploit indigenous populations

Encomedero

• landlords; tasked to…

  • provide military protection to laborers

  • offer them opportunity for conversion to Christianity

Tithe

• direct tax

• 10% of individual annual income

Sanctorum

• Direct tax

• tax paid to support the Catholic Church

Buwis (Tribute)

• Direct tax

• tax or rent given to encomendero by a resident under him

Bandala

• Indirect tax

• annual enforced sale & requisitioning of goods

Cedula

• replacement of buwis/ tribute

• Direct tax

• Also served as personal identification

Summary Arrest

• Consequence of failure to show cedula receipts

• minor legal violation; prosecuted without a jury

Narciso Claveria

• Issued a decree

• urged people in the colony to adopt surnames

• forbade them from changing it at will

Catalogos de Apellidos

• list of Filipino surnames by Narciso Claveria

Cedula Personal

• requirement instated by Narciso Claveria

• Should bear one’s name and residence

• Surveillance mechanism carried out by the guardian Civil

Manila Galleon Trade

• 250 year trade toute

• Connected Manila, Philippines to Acapulco, Mexico

250 years

• Timespan of Galleon Trade’s operations

Imported Products

From Acapulco, Mexico

• pineapple

• Tomato

• Chayote

• Cacao

• Avocado

• Peanuts

• Corn

Exported Products from PHP

From Philippines

• Rice

• Coconut

• Tamarind

• Mango

Jose Basco y Vargas

• 53rd Governor General of the PHP

• Established major economic reforms in the PHP to free country from Mexican & Chinese trade dependence

Economic Society of Friends of the Country

• Established by Jose Basco y Vargas

• Rewarded investors for scientific discoveries

• Encouraged miners to extract minerals

• Gave incentives to farmers for planting crops

Au, Ag, Sn, Cu

• Minerals encouraged by the Economic Society of Friends of the Country

Cotton, Spices, Sugarcane

• Crops encouraged by the Economic Society of Friends of the Country

Tobacco Monopoly

• established basis of massive growth of the PHP agricultural export

Mexico

• PHP was indirectly governed by the King of Spain through _____ from 1565-1821

Mexico’s independence

• Spain shifted to ruling PHP directly, due to this

• 1821-1898

Centralized, National

• Spanish government was _____ in structure and _____ in scope

Cabeza de Barangay

• heads of the barrios/ barangays

Alcalde

• heads of the Cabildos/ cities

• 2 in position

Gobernadorcillo

• little governor/ captain

• Leaders of the towns/ pueblos/ minicipalities

Alcalde Mayor/ Governors

• Lead the provincias (provinces)

• represented the Governor General

Governor General

• highest executive positon in the Spanish Centralized System of Government

Barrios/ Barangays

• smallest unit of residence

• Headed by cabeza de barangay

Pueblos/ Municipalities/ Towns

• headed by gobernadorcillos

• Consolidation of barrios/ barangays

Cabildos/ Cities

• headed by 2 alcaldes

• Consolidation of barrios/ barangays

Provincias/ Provinces

• headed by alcalde mayor

• Consolidation of cabildos & pueblos

Legacies of Spanish Culture

• Catholic Faith

• Political structures

• Educational systems

• Syncretic religious culture

  • (blend of Spanish traditions + indigenous practices)