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Bedouins
Arab nomads - went from oasis to oasis with animal herds / skilled warriors
Muhammad
Final prophet - received messages from God through Gabriel
Sunnis
Hold the Sunnah in high regard - the caliph should have political skills
Shias
Only Muhammad’s relatives should be caliph
Abu Bakr
Muhammad’s main advisor, became the first caliph
Ali
Muhammad’s relative, became the fouth and final caliph, his death starts the Umayyad
Umayyad Dynasty
First Muslim Dynasty - took over after Ali’s death. Greatest size for the Arab Muslim empire
Abbasid Dynasty
Overthrew the Umayyads - built a new capital at Baghdad - center of a golden age of art, science and learning. Ended by inaving mongols that destroyed Baghdad and killed the caliph
Ibn Sina
Wrote a medical encyclopedia used in Europe for 100s of years
Mecca
Town where Muhammad was born - important religious center & shrine for Arabs
Medina
Town that Muhammad migrated to after being forced to leave Mecca (Hijrah)
Baghdad
Capital of the Abbasid Dynasty, Mix of cultures - center of a golden age of art, science and learning
Kaaba
Cube-like building in the courtyard of the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Built by Abraham and his son Ishmael to worship God
Oasis
(Place in desert with water, usually from a spring
Muslims
People who practice Islam
Quran
Islam’s holy book - main source of Islamic teaching / the word of God
Hijrah
Arabic for migration - when Muhammad and followers left Mecca to Medina
Sunnah
Traditions of Muhammad - words and actions of him and his companions
Hadith
recorded sayings and actions of Muhammad - written record of the Sunnah
Allah
Arabic for “God”
Hajj
One of the five pillars - pilgrimage to Mecca for Muslims
Mosque
Muslim house of worship - prayer hall facing Mecca
Sharia
Islamic law code - means “the way”, Quran and Sunnah as the sources - living a proper life by following God’s laws
Caliphs
Led the Muslim community and empire
Calligraphy
Art of decorative writing
Arabic numerals
Introduced the number system to Europe that we use today