Chapter 34: Vertebrates (Chordates and Vertebrates [Gnathostomes] - Fishes)

Cyclostome

Living jawless vertebrates

Gnathostome

Living jawed vertebrates

Vertebrates Chordates

All (blank) are (blank) but not at chordates are vertebrates

Derived character

Character that is present in all of the descendents of a common ancestor

Jaws

Hinged structures that may contain teeth that assist in the gripping and slicing of food

Gills

Modified pharyngeal slits that help in gas exchange

*Hox* genes

Genes that dictate the body plan in animals

Class

Lower classification of Phylum, separated into orders

Class Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish, skeleton made of cartilage not bone; streamlined swift swimmers and successful vertebrate predators

Dorsal fin

Fin on the dorsal portion of Chondrichthyes that act as a stabilizer

Pectoral fins

Fins on either side of the posterior portion of the body used in maneuvering

Pelvic fins

Fins located in the center on the ventral side of the body, used in maneuvering

Suspension feeder

Method of feeding where large volumes of water are filtered for small living organisms

Carnivore

Diet consisting of living animal tissues

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction utilizing a sperm and egg

Claspers

Male pelvic fins that transfer sperm to female

Oviparous

Lay eggs that hatch outside of mom

Ovoviviparous

Eggs are retained in the oviducts

Viviparous

Young develop in the mom’s uterus

Cloaca

Common chamber for the reproductive, digestive, and excretory tracts

Clade Osteichthyes

Bony fish with a swim bladder and flattened bony scales, produce mucous to reduce drag

Class Actinopterygii

Ray finned fish, fins are supported by long, bony flexible rays; major source of protein for humans

Class Sarcopterygii

Lobe finned fish, rod shaped muscular fins; contains some tetrapods

Subclass

Group lower than Class but higher than order

Subclass Actinistia

Contains coelacanths, thought to be extinct before being rediscovered

Subclass Dipnoi

Contains lungfishes, Have lungs and can bury themselves in mud during dry seasons

Torpor

Similar to hibernation, state of wait utilized by lungfish

A common ancestor of Gnathostomes and every other animal

Where did jaws evolve in the chordate phylogenetic tree

Advantages: Simple anatomy, jawless, and parasitic

Disadvantages: Limited mobility, poor vision, and low metabolic rate.

Advantages and disadvantages of cyclostomes

Advantages: Jaws for efficient feeding, paired fins for better movement, and higher metabolic rate

Disadvantages: Complex anatomy, more energy required, and higher susceptibility to disease

Advantages and disadvantages of gnathostomes

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

what is the order of taxa

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How can you remember taxa