AP Psych Unit 7: Cogniton Modules 31-21

Memory

The persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

Encoding

Processing information into the memory system

Storage

Processing of retaining encoded information over time

Retrieval

process of getting information out of the memory storage

Visual

ability to interpret the surrounding environment

Acoustic

study of how humans perceive sound and the sensations and behavior sounds provokes

connectionism

the stimulus and it's response are connected in a persons mind

Semantic encoding

the conversation of a non-verbal mental representation (reference) into a semantic structure suitable for expression (sense)

Parallel Processing

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously (sometimes unconsciously)

Sensory Memory

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Short-term memory

activated memory that holds few items briefly (like a phone # digits while dialing)

Working memory

Newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditors + visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Long-term memory

relatively permanent + limitless storehouse of the memory system

Explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare (declarative)

Implicit memory

Retention independent of conscious recollection (Non declarative)

Automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information (space, time, frequency and of well learned info like word meanings)

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (relates to explicit memory)

Iconic Memory

Momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Chunking

organizing items into familiar manageable units; often automatically

Hierarchies

composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Spacing

The tendency of distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study/practice

testing effect

enchanted memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading

Shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words

Deep processing

encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words

Hippocampus

Neural center located in the limbic system which processes explicit memory for storage

Cerebellum

forms and store imlilic memory created by classical conditioning

prefrontal cortex

receives input for working memory processing

Cerebral cortex

Responsible for higher-level processing

Flashbulb memory

A Clear memory of an emotional significant moment or event

Long-term potentiation

an increase in a cell's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be neural basis for learning and memory

Recall

3 measures of retention: a measure of memory in which the person much relive information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Recognition

3 measures of retention: identifying items previously learned, as on a MCQ test

Relearning

3 measures of retention: a measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again

Rosy Retrospection

our tendency to recall the past more fondly than the present, all else being equal

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of a particular associations in memory

State-dependent Memory

what we learn in one state, drunk or sober, may be more easy to recalled when we are in that state again

Mood-congruent Memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consisten w/ one's current goof or bad mood

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primary effect) in a list