APUSH Key Terms Units 8-9

Alger Hiss

U.S. government official accused of being a communist spy

Atlantic Charter

goals for the world post WW2

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Douglas MacArthur

General in WW1,WW2, and Korean War

Fair Deal

Truman's continuation of the new deal

George F. Kennan

American diplomat and leading authority on the Soviet Unions

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

Joseph McCarthy/McCarthyism

A Republican senator from Wisconsin who used the growing concern over communism in his reelection campaign. He announced in a speech in 1950 that 205 Communists were still working in the State Department.

Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro

Chinese communist leader, Cuba communist leader

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

An international organization that has joined together for military purposes

NSC-68

in cold war- pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Syngman Rhee

1st President of South Korea

Taft-Hartley Act

restricted the power of labor unions

Truman Doctrine

US would support any nation threatened by Communism.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Warsaw Pact

formed USSR, in response to UN and NATO

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Whittaker Chambers

American couple executed for passing atomic secrets to Soviet agents, TIME magazine editor and former communist. Confessed to spying for the Soviet Union during the 1930's. Named fellow spies, some of them in Roosevelt's cabinet.

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta.

ALLEN GINSBERG, Jack Kerouac

poets/authors and american counterculture (beat generation) leader,

Beat Generation (counterculture)

Group highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity.

Brinksmanship/Massive Retaliation

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, made seperate but equal unconstitutional

J. D. Salinger, Michael Harrington, Betty Friedan, Rachel Carson

Author: Catcher in the Rye, Author: The Other America, author: the feminine mystique, author: silient spring,

John Foster Dulles

Massive retaliation to soviet agression and strengthen NATO & stuff

Jonas Salk, UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

Polio vaccine, 1st computer

Levittown (William Levitt)

suburbia

MLK, Rosa Parks, Malcom X

Leaders of CRM, MLK + Rosa Parks: Nonviolent, Malcom X: "any means necessary"

Sputnik

1st artificial satellite (USSR),

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Cuban Revolution against Fidel Castro, US did not help and so they lost and communists won

Black Power

CRM, embrace AA ancestry and personal power

Community Action Program (CAP)

founded by the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act to fight poverty by empowering the poor as part of the War on Poverty

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Nonviolent action in CRM, conducted FREEDOM RIDES acros the country

Cuban Missile Crisis

when USSR put missiles in cuba in response to US missiles in turkey, almost caused a war. Solved by US and Cuba both withdrawing missiles

Dien Bien Phu

the final battle took place that forced the French out of Vietnam

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

George Wallace

Racist Alabama Govenor

Great Society

Lyndon b Johnson's 2nd new deal basically. Medicare, medicaid, and war on povery

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

authorized President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh, Ngo Dinh Diem

Communist leader of North Vietnam, Leader of South Vietnam

Immigration Act of 1965

abolished national origins quotas

John F Kennedy, Robert Kennedy

president that was assassinated, JFK's brother and was assassinated before being able to finish his political race

March on Washington

200,000 people rallied for ECONOMIC EQUALITY and civil rights

Medicaid and Medicare

gov programs for health and hospitalization benefits: Medicare to the aged and their survivors and to certain of the disabled, regardless of income, and Medicaid to people with low incomes.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Richard Nixon

advocated for"Vietnamization, Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Tet Offensive

North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Viet Cong

Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam

American Indian Movement (AIM)

a civil rights group organized to promote the interests of Native Americans

CÉSAR CHÁVEZ

Latino CRM leader, delano grape and lettuce strike

Free Speech Movement

led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials.

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon after watergate

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Economic and political organization for women's equal rights to men

New Left

a youth-dominated political movement of the 1960s (Students for a Democratic Society and the Free Speech Movement)

Nixon Doctrine

President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. The doctrine stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

controlled oil exports and prices

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

"SILENT MAJORITY"

Lyndon Johnson-desegregation

Spiro Agnew

VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

"STAGFLATION"

economy is stagnant, inflation and unemployment rises

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Weathermen

An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960, They were the most radical fringe of the SDS, they embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks on American institutions.

Vietnamization

train s viet soldiers to replace us soldiers as us withdrawals from vietnam

Watergate

scandal under Nixon, where he and ppl of CREEP paid ppl to break into opposing party's base at watergate hotel.

pentagon papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

Occupation of Wounded Knee + Alcatraz

AIM, form of protesting for attention and to achieve goals

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader who led the revolution against the Shah of Iran

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

George H. W. Bush

President 1989-1993, Republican,

Persian Gulf War

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Iran-Contra Scandal

A major scandal of Reagan's second term that involved shipping arms to Iran to free hostages and diverting the money from the sale of these weapons to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. War in afghanistan

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader of the 1980s who worked with Reagan to end the Cold War

Neo-Conservatives

supporting free-market capitalism, questioning liberal welfare programs and affirmative-action policies, and calling for reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of family.

New Right

Conservative political movement, stresses "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

Reaganomics

(trickle-down economics) Reagan's economic policy; tax cuts, arms build up, budget cuts

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative (lasers), ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran

SAGEBRUSH REBELLION

Emerged in parts of the West in the late 70s, mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development.

Sunbelt

FL, CA, AZ, NM, etc

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

space lazers to destroy missiles

Tiananmen Square

Square in the capital of Beijing; scene of a student demonstration and massacre

Al Gore

vice president of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948)

Al Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S led by Osama Bin Laden

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited)

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Hillary Rodham Clinton

first lady of bill clinton, senator for new york, closest a woman has come to presidential candidate

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment

NEW WORLD ORDER

commonly refers to the post-Cold War era vision in which world affairs would not be dominated by the competition between the two nuclear superpowers; a positive and hopeful vision for the future.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

freed up trade w/ Canada, US and MX

Taliban

a fundamentalist Islamic militia