BSC Lab 4 - Unit 6

Function of bones

• protection

• formation of RBC

• storage of minerals

• movement/support

Bone tissue =

osseous tissue

Where is compact bone found?

Outside of bones

Where is spongy bone found?

Inside bones

What is compact bone composed of?

osteons

Where is red bone marrow housed?

Spongy bone

Bone is/isn’t highly vascularized?

IS

Example of a long bone

humerus

Example of a short bone

tarsals

Example of a flat bone

Scapula

Example of an irregular bone

Vertebrae

Example of a sesamoid bone

patella

What is a sesamoid bone?

Flat on one end, tapers on the other

Articular cartilage

skin-like film around head of femur

Upper epiphysis

bulge/proximal portion

Diaphysis

Middle of bone

Lower epiphysis

distal portion

Functional subunits of bone

osteons

Lamellae

• fibers in ECM

a. Circumferential - follow canal path

b. Interstitial - in between path

Haversian canals

• runs down center of each osteon

• canal for vessels/nerves

Lacunae

• houses osteocytes

Canaliculi

• connections between lacunae

Periosteum

covering of bone

What does spongy bone specially have?

Trabeculae

Function of trabeculae

air spaces, resist compression

What do tendons do?

attach muscle to bone (dense regular)

What do ligaments do?

attach bone to bone (dense irregular)

Depressions

varying depths, concave

Facet

Depression, shallow surface where bones articulate

Fovea

Depression, shallow pit

Fossa

Depression, indentation which another structure fits

Groove

Depression, long indentation

Openings

holes, can pass a straw through

Canal

Opening, tunnel

Fissure

Opening, narrow slit

Foramen

Opening, hole

Projections

bony extensions

Condyle

Projection, rounded edge

Crest

Projection, ridge

Tubercle/tuberosity

Projection, small, rounded

Epicondyle

Projection, proxmial to a condyle

Process

Projection, prominent bony projection

Spine

Projection, sharp process

Head

Projection, round projection from epiphysis

Protuberance

Projection, outgrowth from a bone

Trochanter

Projection, large projection (only in femur)

Line

Projection, long narrow ridge

Frontal bone

very front of skull

Parietal bone

joins frontal and occipital lobes, divided by saggital suture

Sphenoid bone

connects face, looks like a bat

Ethmoid bone

bottom of sphenoid

Temporal bone

hearing

Occipital bone

vision center

Nasal bones

bridge of nose

Lacrimal bone

just behind maxilla/nasal bones

Palatine bone

Very small, behind eye

Zygomatic bone

cheek bones

Inferior nasal concha

“little hooks”, sides of nasal cavity

Vomer bone

opposite to inferior nasal concha (middle of nasal cavity floor)

Maxilla

upper jaw

Mandible

Lower jaw

Sphenoid

bat-like

Sphenoid greater wing

depression

Sphenoid lesser wing

sharp

Sphenoid optic canal

hole in lesser wing

Sphenoid sella turcica

perfect square in the middle

Ethmoid

cloak-like

Ethmoid crista galli

very tip

Ethmoid sinus

folds/holes

Ethmoid orbital plate

very outsides

Coronal suture

divides into triangle of frontal and 2 parietal lobes

Sagittal suture

separates halves of parietal lobes

Lambdoid suture

separates parietal and occipital lobes

Why does the hyoid bone do?

houses voice box, controls tongue/swallowing

3 sections of hyoid bone

First vertebral group

7 in cervical

Second vertebral group

12 in thoracic

Third vertebral group

5 in lumbar

Fourth vertebral group

5 fused in sacral

Fifth vertebral group

4 fused in coccygeal

First 2 cervical

Atlas and Axis

Cervical vertebrae structure

“smiley", 2 processes

Where is spinal process on cervical vertebrae?

Thoracic vertebrae structure

3 petals, giraffe looking

Where is spinal process on thoracic vertebrae?

Lumbar vertebrae structure

Moose-looking, horns

Where is spinal process on lumbar vertebrae?

Atlas - Posterior arch

arch above

Atlas - Lateral mass

depression

Atlas - anterior arch

“V” that connects

Atlas - Transverse process

sticks out

Atlas - vertebral foreamen

large hole

Axis - Dens

small part that sticks out at top

Axis - Spinous process

larger part that sticks out

Top of sternum

manubrium

Tip of sternum

Xiphoid process

What are true ribs? How many are there?

• attached to sterum

• 7 true ribs

What are false ribs? How many are there?

• incomplete, not individually connected to sternum

• 3 false ribs

What are floating ribs? How many are there?

• only connected in back

• 2 floating ribs

What cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum?

costal cartilage