NDA TBL 1 Chunk 4 The Risk Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease

Which of the following best defines gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)?

A condition where stomach contents reflux into the oesophagus causing uncomfortable symptoms or complications

Which of the following represents a harmful factor contributing to gastro-oesophageal reflux?

Increased oesophageal sensitivity and gastric acidity

Which statement regarding oesophagitis in GORD is correct?

It is mainly mediated by cytokine-driven inflammation after chronic reflux exposure

Which mechanism most commonly leads to incompetence of the gastro-oesophageal junction?

Transient relaxations of the lower oesophageal sphincter occurring with increased frequency

Hiatus hernia contributes to GORD primarily by:

Increasing intragastric pressure and disrupting diaphragmatic control of the GOJ

Prolonged oesophageal acid clearance occurs mainly due to:

Impaired oesophageal emptying and reduced salivary function

Which symptom is most characteristic of GORD?

Burning discomfort behind the sternum occurring after meals

Regurgitation in GORD is defined as:

A feeling of partially digested acidic contents returning to the mouth

Which symptom suggests long-standing reflux oesophagitis with potential stricture formation?

Dysphagia with painful swallowing

Which presentation of chest pain is more consistent with reflux than cardiac angina?

Pain relieved spontaneously or with antacids after meals

Water brash is best described as:

Foaming of saliva due to over 10 mL secretion in response to reflux

Which risk factor primarily decreases LES tone through hormonal effects?

Pregnancy-mediated progesterone and oestrogen changes

Which medication class reduces LES pressure and increases GORD risk?

Anticholinergics including certain antidepressants

Which lifestyle factor most accurately contributes to GORD according to the text?

Chocolate, peppermint, caffeine and alcohol reducing LES tone

Which statement best summarises the pathophysiology of reflux injury?

Injury severity is determined by acidic pH, pepsin, bile, and duration of mucosal contact

What is globus sensation?

A persistent feeling of a lump in the throat irrespective of swallowing

What is water brash?

A reflex salivary response causing excessive foamy secretion