APUSH Period 3

Causes of the French and Indian War

Competition over Ohio River Valley; British colonists encroaching on French/Native lands; Fur trade conflicts.

Phase 1 (1754-1756)

Mostly local skirmishes; George Washington defeated at Fort Necessity; Colonists fought without much British support.

Phase 2 (1756-1758)

Britain officially declares war (Seven Years' War); fighting spreads to Europe; colonists forced into military service and quartering.

Phase 3 (1758-1761)

William Pitt leads Britain; better strategies, more British troops; colonists treated better; Britain wins key battles.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Britain gains Canada and land east of Mississippi; Spain gets Louisiana; France loses most North American land.

Effects of the French and Indian War

Britain in debt → new taxes; Proclamation of 1763 limits colonial expansion; strained colonial-British relations.

Proclamation of 1763 and Pontiac's Rebellion

Proclamation banned settlement west of Appalachians to avoid conflicts; Pontiac (Ottawa leader) led rebellion against British forts; Britain crushed it but colonists angry at restrictions.

Virtual vs. Actual Representation

Virtual: Parliament represents all British subjects (British view). Actual: Only elected representatives chosen by colonists can tax them (colonial view).

Stamp Act (1765)

Tax on printed documents (newspapers, legal papers); Colonists boycott, form Stamp Act Congress, mobs intimidate tax collectors.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Colonial delegates meet; petition Parliament; first unified colonial action against Britain.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers fire into a crowd, killing 5 colonists; used as propaganda by patriots.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonists dump British tea into Boston Harbor to protest Tea Act; leads to Coercive/Intolerable Acts.

1st Continental Congress (1774)

Colonial delegates meet to respond to Intolerable Acts; call for boycotts, petition king, prepare militias.

Lexington and Concord (April 1775)

"Shot heard 'round the world"; first battles of Revolutionary War; militia resist British attempt to seize weapons.

Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)

Colonists' last attempt at peace; rejected by King George III.

Common Sense (1776)

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine; argued for independence and republican government; widely influential.

Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; listed grievances against King; declared U.S. independent.

John Locke's and Rousseau's philosophies

Locke: natural rights (life, liberty, property); government by consent. Rousseau: social contract; government should serve the people.

Advantages in the Revolutionary War (Colonists vs. Britain)

Colonists: home-field advantage, motivation, foreign aid. Britain: strong navy/army, resources, Loyalist support.

Disadvantages in the Revolutionary War (Colonists vs. Britain)

Colonists: poorly trained, little money. Britain: fighting far from home, unpopular war.

Fighting in New England (1775-1776)

Battles at Bunker Hill; Britain evacuates Boston (March 1776).

Bunker Hill (March 1776)

Colonists lose but inflict heavy British casualties; shows they can stand up to Britain.

Fighting in Middle Colonies (1776-1778)

Major battles in NY/NJ/PA; Saratoga (Oct. 1777) = turning point.

Saratoga (Oct. 1777)

Patriot victory convinced France to ally with U.S.

Franco-American Alliance (1778)

France formally allies with U.S.; provides military and financial support.

French officer & Prussian trainer

Improved Continental Army discipline and skill.

Fighting in the South (1778-1781)

British shift strategy hoping for Loyalist support; ends with Yorktown.

Yorktown (Oct. 1781)

Final battle; British General Cornwallis surrenders after French & American siege.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Recognized U.S. independence; U.S. gains land to Mississippi River.

Why did the British lose the Revolutionary War?

Distance, weak support at home, underestimated colonists, French aid to U.S.

American Revolution and Slavery

Some northern states abolish slavery; ideals of liberty challenge institution, but slavery remains in South.

American Revolution and Women

"Republican Motherhood": women expected to teach republican values; increased calls for rights but no legal equality.

Articles of Confederation (1776)

First U.S. government; weak central authority; power mostly in states.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

No power to tax, no standing army, no executive, weak central gov't.

Strengths of the Articles of Confederation

Won war, negotiated Treaty of Paris, passed land ordinances.

Land Ordinance of 1784

Proposed dividing western territory into self-governing districts.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Organized land sales in NW territory; created townships.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Created process for statehood; banned slavery in NW Territory.

Shays' Rebellion (1786)

Farmers protest debt & taxes in Massachusetts; exposed weakness of Articles.

Virginia Plan

Representation based on population (favored large states).

New Jersey Plan

Equal representation for all states (favored small states).

Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature: House by population, Senate equal.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Enslaved people counted as 3/5 of a person for representation & taxes.

Features of the U.S. Constitution

Separation of powers, checks & balances, stronger federal gov't.

Three Branches of Government

Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces), Judicial (interprets).

Checks and Balances

Each branch limits the others (ex: veto, judicial review, impeachment).

Federalists

Supported Constitution; wanted strong central gov't.

Federalist Papers

Essays by Hamilton, Madison, Jay supporting Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed Constitution; wanted states' rights and protection of liberties.

Bill of Rights (1791)

First 10 amendments protecting individual rights.

Presidential Cabinets under Washington

Advisors: Jefferson (State), Hamilton (Treasury), Knox (War).

Hamilton's Programs

National Bank, assumption of state debts, excise taxes, support manufacturing.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Farmers protest excise tax; Washington crushes rebellion, showing federal power.

Washington and Neutrality

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) avoids entanglement in French Revolution wars.

Jay's Treaty (1795)

With Britain; resolved trade issues, unpopular with colonists.

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

With Spain; gave U.S. access to Mississippi River & New Orleans.

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Federalists: strong central gov't, pro-British, wealthy elite. Dem-Reps: states' rights, pro-French, agrarian base.

XYZ Affair (1797-1798)

French officials demand bribes from U.S. diplomats; leads to anti-French feelings.

Quasi-War (1798-1800)

Undeclared naval war with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Restricted immigration, punished criticism of gov't; seen as violating free speech.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)

Jefferson and Madison argue states can nullify unconstitutional federal laws.