BIOPSYCH WEEK 5: BRAIN DEV&PLASTI

Tumor

Tumor

Or Neoplasm. “New growth” - Mass of cells that grows independently.

Meningiomas

Tumors that grows between the Meninges.

Encapsulated tumors

Tumors that grows within their own membrane.

Benign Tumors

Tumors that are surgically removed with little risk of further growth in the body.

Infiltrating Tumors

Grow diffusely through surrounding tissue.

Malignant tumors

-It is difficult to remove or destroy completely.

Gliomas

(Brain tumors that develop from glial cells) Are infiltrating, rapidly growing, and common.

Metastatic tumors

Grows from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream (Mostly from lungs).

Metastasis

Spread of cancer

Stroke

Sudden on-set cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage

Infarct

The area of dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke

Penumbra

Surrounds the “infarct”

Two major types of stroke

Cerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebral Ischemia

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures

Cerebral Ischemia

Disruption of blood supply to an area of the Brain

Aneurysm

A pathological balloon-like dilation that form in the wall of an artery

Congenital

Can result from exposure to vascular poisons or infection (Alcohol, Cigarette, Hypertension)

Three main causes of Cerebral ischemia

Thrombosis, Embolism, and Arteriosclerosis

Thrombosis

A plug called “Thrombus” forms and block bloodflow

Embolism

“Embolus” is carried from large blood vessel to smaller one, then becomes lodged-in

Arterioclerosis

Walls of blood vessels thicken and the channel narrows

Glutamate

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Contusions

Close-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system (CCS)

Hematoma

A localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue (from ruptures/damage) AKA BRUISE

Contrecoup injuries

The blow causes the brain to strike the inside of the skull on the other side of the head

Concussion

When there is a disturbance of consciousness. There is no evidence of contusion

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy(CTE)

Cerebral scarring observed in athletes from repeated concussion

Dementia

General intellectual deterioration

Brain infection

An invasion of the brain from microorganisms

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain

Two common types of brain infection

Bacterial infection and Viral infection

Bacterial infections

When bacteria infects the brain. Often lead to formation of cerebral abscess

Viral infection

Have two types: Have affinity with neural tissue and attacks neural tissue

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges

Sylphilis

Bacterial brain infection. Passed through with contact of genital sores

General paresis

Result from Sylphilitic infection

Rabies

Transmitted from rabid animal

Mumps and herpes

Common viruses that attack the nervous system

Toxic psychosis

Chronic mental illness caused by a neurotoxin

Tardive Dyskinesia(TD)

A motor disorder. Mostly involuntary lips and mouth movement

Endogenous

Produced by the patient’s own body

Down syndrome

Occurs in 0.15% of births. Because of extra chromosome

Apoptosis

Plays a critical role by eliminating extra neurons. Programmed process of destroying itself

Necrosis

Passive cell death resulting from injury. Cell death from environmental changes

Five diseases associated with Brain damage

1. Epilepsy

2. Parkinson's Disease

3. Huntington's Disease

4. Multiple Sclerosis

5. Alzheimer's Disease

Epilepsy

Epileptic seizure

Convulsions

Motor seizures

Epileptic auras

Psychological changes before a seizure

Focal seizure

Seizure that doesn't involve the entire brain

Hypoxia

Shortage of oxygen supply to a tissue

Absence seizure

Primary symptom is disruption of consciousness

Parkinson's disease

Movement disorder of middle and old age

Lewy bodies

Clumps of protein

L-dopa

Synthesizes dopamine

Deepbrain stimulation

Controversial treatment of Parkinson's

Huntington's Disease

A progressive motor disorder that is very rare

Huntingtin

Single mutated cell that causes Huntington's

Huntingtin protein

Protein that codes Huntington's Disease

Multiple Sclerosis(MS)

Attacks the myelin axons in the CNS

Sclerosis

Means hardening

Ataxia

Loss of motor function

Epidemiology

Study of various factors (age,sex,diet)

Alzheimer's Disease

Most common cause of dementia

Neurofibrillary tangles

Threadlike tangles of protein

Microbleeds

Small dot-like lesions. From microhemorrhages

Epileptogenesis

Development or genesis of epilepsy

Neural regeneration

Regrowth of damaged neurons

Collateral sprouting

When an axon degenerates, axon branches grow out from adjacent healthy axons

Transgenic

Genes of another species is introduced