Intr. Br. Am. Culture: Br. : Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor, Pre-Roman Britain-Tudors

What number in line is Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor

8th as of 2026, born 2nd (women could not be considered 2nd or 3rd in line)

Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor’s role in the army

• Served in the Royal Navy from 1979 to 2001.

• Active duty as a helicopter pilot during the Falklands War (1982)

What happened on Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor’s 66th birthday

His ties to Epstein led to him being the 1st British royal to be arrested since Charles I in 1647 on suspicion of misconduct in public office

What was Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor’s job from 2001-2011

He served as the UK's Special Representative for International
Trade and Investment, but resigned following his associations with controversial figures.

He exchanged classified government reports with Epstein, who was already a convicted pedophile

Where does the name Mountbatten come from

Louis and Victoria Mountbatten, formerly know as Battenberg changed their name because of anti-german sentiment during the first world war

Who gave Andrew the Mountbatten-Windsor name

Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921-2021), husband of Elizabeth II, the longest-serving
royal consort in British history.

How did lord Mountbatten die?

He was killed by the Provisional IRA when a bomb exploded on his fishing boat. He had been a father figure for Charles and to a lesser extent his sister and other brothers.

What is misconduct in public office

a criminal offence at common law that dates back to the 13th century. It carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment

What is common law?

the body of law primarily developed through judicial decisions rather than statutes. It is based on precedents and the presiding judge determines which precedents to apply in
deciding each new case.

When did English common law originate?

in the 12th century, primarily through the reforms of Henry II, the first plantagenet king

Henry II reigned over?

• England

• substantial parts of Wales and Ireland

• much of France (including Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine) → Angevin Empire

Who succeeded Henry II

Richard I (Richard the lionheart) succeeded by John I, who lost most French territories and had to give in to baronial revolts where he signed the Magna Carta

What is the magna carta

From 1215. It reinforced Henry II’s developments by limiting royal power and affirming
that the king was subject to the law.

What did Henry II’s reforms and Magna Carta create?

the foundations of a legal system based on precedent, due process, and the rule of law.

Three recurring themes in British history

• Who governs, and how strong is the centre? (state power)
• Who belongs, and what does it mean to be “English” or “British”? (identity)
• Where does ultimate authority lie? (sovereignty and law)

Three recurring themes throughout british history and parallells with today

• Brexit debates over parliamentary sovereignty
• Supreme Court rulings on executive authority
• Ongoing debates about the monarchy’s role

What is the oldest town in the United Kingdom

Amesbury in Wiltshire (12 years ago)

Now it’s possibly Abbington

What is Skara brae

Possibly the oldest settlement as it is on the Orkney islands in the northeast of scotland and was occupied from 3180-2500 bc

How does britain start in history?

As tribal Celtic societies with strong regional identities (like Belgae). Britain starts fragmented and there is no concept of a nation-state yet.

What do the tribal Celtic societies before Britain existed show in their long-distance trade

It shows early integration into wider networks beyond the British isles

What happened in 43 to the tribal Celtic societies

Emperor Claudius launched the Roman invasion of Britain, leading to the establishment of Roman rule and the first centralised state. Roman Britain is roughly what can now be seen as North britain.

What did Rome introduce to Britain?

• extensive system of linked roads, forts, towns, cities, taxation

• Bureaucratic governance and the language to manage it al

• Integrating Britain into imperial economic system. Britain as peripheral and deeply european

• Military occupation tied to border security (Hadrian’s Wall

What did the first experience of he first experience of large-scale centralised government for Britain?

large-scale centralised government meant that Latin became the administrative language, and Roman customs and laws were introduced (legal institutions).

What did the Roman empire do to enforce roman rules on britain?

let soldiers, administrators, and traders settle in Britain. This brought diverse influences. Roman Britain was therefore ethnically diverse.

Where did soldiers and officials in Roman Britain come from?

from across the Roman Empire (at its peak this included all of northern Africa, the Levant, Turkey
all the way to Basra)

What did the Roman withdrawal from Roman Britain create

a power vacuum, the collapse of the state created insecurity and triggered invasions

Who was Boudicca?

queen of the Iceni tribe who led a revolt against Roman rule. It was one of the most significant rebellions in Roman Britain. She is remembered as a powerful leader who united tribes against a common
enemy.

What did Boudicca become a symbol for?

The symbol of resistance against foreign occupation and oppression.

What happened during Boudicca’s revolt against Roman rule

Rebel forces destroyed major Roman cities such as Londinium,
Camulodunum and Verulamium. Romas sources claim that around 70.000 Romans and allies were killed. The revolt forced Rome to rethink how it governed Britain

Impact of Roman rule on Roman and local cultures

Roman and local cultures blended, leading to a unique Romano-British culture

Impact of Roman rule on Roman Britain

• Towns like Londinium (London) and Eboracum (York) flourished as centers of trade and governance

• Christianity spread, especially after the Edict of Milan (313)

• Roman authority weakened by 409, the legions withdrew leaving Britain vulnerable to invasions

What happened in 409 in Britain

Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons and Jutes
from northwestern Europe) invaded the country.

How did the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (and Frisians) settle in Britain?

Migrated from present-day Germany and Denmark. They fought against the native Britons eventually establishing their own kingdoms (Like wessex, mercia, northumbria)

Where does the Old English language come from

The emergence of the Old english language is derived from germanic dialects.

How was Anglo-Saxon society structured?

hierarchical, with kings, nobles free peasants, and slaves. Local government was managed through assemblies.

What religion did the Anglo-Saxons follow?

Anglo-saxons were pagan but gradually converted to Christianity. Beowulf reflected the values and culture of the time

What did Anglo-Saxon England look like?

• Post-roman fragmentation over multiple kingdoms (heptarchy) to gradual consolidation

• Christianity central to language, literacy and governance (connects england to european intellectual networks)

• Migration reshapes language and power

• Emergence of Old English and English identity

What is Lindisfarne or Holy Island

a tidal island off the northeast coast of England. An imortant center of Celtic christianity. It was home to a monastery which was destroyed by the vikings and re-established following the Norman conquest.

Viking invasions and settlements in 8th and 9th century.

8: Vikings from Scandinavia began raiding coastal areas

9: Vikings had established control over large parts of eastern
and northern England → the Danelaw

Viking invasions and settlements in 10th and 11th century

many Vikings settled and intermarried with the local population,
influencing culture and language

Who was one of the most famous people to resist Viking advances

Alfred the great of Wessex resisted Viking advances and eventually unifies much of England

While the Vikings interferred the period is still known as the Anglo-Saxon period

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

1. King Alfred defeats vikings in 878 and converts leader Guthrum to christianity

2. established a boundary with the Danelaw, shaping early political divisions in
   England

3. Strengthened defence and build ships to counter viking sea raids (foundations English navy)

4. Promoted learning by translating key works into English

5. Founded monasteries as centres of religion, culture and literacy

6. Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to record history in the English language
   

What is the broader significance of Alfred’s reforms and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and what did it help create?

a shared identity, integrating diverse peoples and laying foundations for a
unified English kingdom

Key ideas (the vikings)

• External threat drives centralisation
• State capacity grows in response to crisis

What happened in 1066

Death of Edward the Confessor in 1066 led to a succession crisis

Battle of Hastings

What happened in the battle of hastings

William, Duke of Normandy(William the conqueror) defeats Harold Godwinson at the Battle of
Hastings on October 14, 1066.

He establishes Norman control over England and marks the end of the Anglo-Saxon period

What did the Normans introduce in England

1. Norman French becomes the language of the elite, influencing English vocabulary and culture.

2. Feudal system: redistributing land to Norman nobles.

3. introduction of Norman legal practices and centralised administration.

4. Norman architecture, including castles and cathedrals

5. Blending of Old English and Norman French led to the development of Middle English.

6. England deeply entangled in European dynastic politics

7. Domesday book

What is the Bayeux tapestry?

piece of medieval embroidery depicts the events leading to the norman conquest and the battle of hastings and it was commissioned by the bishop of bayeux.

What is the domesday book

Invaluable snapshot of 11th-century England with insights into economy, society and governance of the time. It served as a legal document to resolve disputes over land ownership and rights.

Some of Henry II’s legal reforms

• establishment of common law and royal courts

• Immigration(influence of Angevin empire including territories in France)

• Continued use of Latin and French in administration

• Tried to unite Ireland, Scotland, and Wales to protect
  against external threats, resulting in a fragile union

Who are the plantagenets

Royal dynasty founded by Henry II in 1154 that ruled over England for over 300 years. They expanded the common law and royal government. They oversaw conflicts such as the magna carta and limits on royal power.

Notable monarchs: The Plantagenets

• Richard I

• King John

• Edward I

• Edward III

• Richard II

What is the hundred years’ war

War fought between England under the plantagenets and France. A period marked by growth of Parliament and legal institutions. It ends with the war of the roses.

King John and the Magna Carta (1215)

1. King John lost French territories and taxated heavily

2. Barons' revolt and the signing of the Great Charte

3. Limitation of royal power and establishment of legal rights

4. Continued evolution of middle english

What was the aim of the Magna Carta

limit the powers of the king and establish certain legal protections for the barons and, by extension, all free
men

What issues did the magna carta adress?

1. protection of church rights,

2. protection from illegal imprisonment

3. right to a fair trial,

4. access to swift justice,

5. principle that the king is subject to the law,

6. limitations on feudal payments to the Crown

What is the magna carta a symbol for?

the struggle for freedom and justice, inspiring later documents such as the English Bill of Rights, the
American Declaration of Independence, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Plantagenets and 100 years war

1. A prolonged conflict with France.

2. Helped the growth of english as a literary and administrative language

3. Shifting monarchs → rise of parliamentary power and decline of feudalism

4. The black death: a lot of the population was lost and labour shortages.

what is the war of the roses

Series of dynastic civil wars fought between the houses of Lancaster(red rose) and York(white rose) for the control over the English throne.

Notable names: House of Lancaster

• henry VI

• margaret anjou

Notable names: house of york

• richard, duke of york

• edward IV

• richard III

Major battles during war of the roses

1st: Battle of St Albans

Last: Battle of Bosworth field (Henry Tudor / Henry VII defeats Richard III, ending the war and beginning the Tudor dynasty

Different British periods

1. Pre-Roman Britain

2. Roman Britain (43-410)

3. Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons and Jutes
   from northwestern Europe (409-8th century)

4. Vikings

5. Norman

6. The Plantagenets (1154–1485)

7. The Tudors (1485-1603)

War of the roses: outcomes

• Ended male line of House of Lancaster and weakened house of york

• Tudor dynasty: stability and centralised power to England

• lasting impact on English nobility, Governance, succession of the throne

Tudor period: timeline

• 1485: Henry VII: first Tudor king after defeating Richard III and ending war of the roses

• 1509: Henry VIII ascends to throne after the death of his father

• 1547: Edward VI, Henry VIII’ son becomes king. His reign is marked by further Protestant reforms

• 1553: Mary I restores Roman catholicism. Earns nickname Bloody mary for persecutions against protestants

• 1558: Elizabeth I: Elizabethan era: flourishing of English culture and defeat of Spanish armada in 1588

• 1603: Elizabeth I dies, ending Tudor dynasty

Who was Henry VII

1. Born in Pembroke Castle in Wales and sought refuge in Britanny, France.

2. When he fought Richard III he fought his uncle.

3. Consolidation of power and establishment Tudor dynasty.

4. Influence of European renaissance and trade

5. Influence of Renaissance humanism on English literature.

6. Strengthens monarchy and central government

7. Marries Elizabeth of York, uniting houses of Lancaster and York

Why did Henry VIII establish the church of England

primarily to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

What is Henry VIII’s act of supremacy

This act declared Henry as the Supreme Head of
the Church of England, giving him control over religious doctrine and practices.

Henry VIII’s religious reforms

• dissolution of monasteries

• redistribution of church lands

• introduction of the English Bible.

What are the 6 articles (Henry VIII)

They reaffirmed Catholic doctrines, showing Henry's conservative religious views despite the
break with Rome.

Henry VIII’s relations with Ireland and Wales

He faced resistance in Ireland, notably the rebellion of Silken Thomas

What is Henry VIII’s Policy of Surrender and Regrant policy’s aim

Integrating Irish lords into the English system by having them surrender their lands to the king and
receive them back as tenants

What are Henry VIII’s laws in Wales' acts:

fully incorporated Wales into the English legal and administrative system,
creating counties and extending English law.

What were Elizabet I’s religious policies compared to predecessors

More moderate, allowing for some religious flexibility

Elizabeth I’s act of supremacy

re-established the church of england’s independence from Rome and declared Elizabeth as the supreme governor of the church.

Elizabeth I’s act of uniformity

Reintroduced book of common prayer and aimed to unify religious practices

Elizabeth' I’s English renaissance in the Elizabethan era

• Flourishing of arts, literature, and music

• Supported playwrights like William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe,
  leading to a golden age of English drama.

• Economic growth, which supported cultural development.

• Laid the groundwork for future English colonisation efforts, marking the
  beginning of the British Empire.