q3

state

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.

nation

a politically organized body of people under a single government

nation-state

A country whose population share a common identity.

stateless nation

A nationality that is not represented by a state. (ex. Kurds)

multinational state

state with more than one nation within its borders

multi-state nation

a nation or cultural group that is divided across two or more state borders

autonomous region

an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority

semi-autonomous region

an area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern

sovereignty

supreme power or authority

self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

independence movement

people that are trying to gain political independence for some area that they think should be its own country

Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

shatterbelt

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).

choke point

a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water

Territoriality

Defense of a space against encroachment by other individuals.

relic boundary

A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin)

superimposed boundary

a boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)

subsequent boundary

a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area

antecedent boundary

a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated

geometric boundary

Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.

consequent boundary

a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language

delimited boundary

A boundary DRAWN and agreed upon; drawing of a boundary

defined boundary

one established by a legal document, such as a treaty.

demarcated boundary

A boundary demarcated (marked) by some visible means on the ground. Ex. wall posts, fences, etc.

demilitarized zone

an area with no military forces

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

land boundary

a boundary that coincides with a feature of the land (mountains, deserts, etc.)

maritime boundary

the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

a code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide exclusive economic zones

international waters

the areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country

territorial sea

a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state

exclusive economic zone

area in which resources found up to 200 nautical miles offshore belong exclusively to the geographically bordering country

Internal Boundaries

physical, cultural, or geometric boundaries within a country (such as provinces or states)

voting district

subdivision for electing members to a legislative body

redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

unitary state

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

federal state

allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

confederal state

A state system that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league, with loose central authority.

ethnic separatism

The advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

irredentism

The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.

supranationalism

term applied to associations created by three or more states for their mutual benefit and achievement of shared objectives

democratization

the process of creating a government elected by the people

economies of scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

trade agreements

Agreements between nations that provide for favorable trade relations

military alliances

developed to ensure mutual assistance in times of aggression

supranational organizations

cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

An international organization that has joined together for military purposes

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Multinational organization that cooperates economically by lowering trade barriers, such as, tariffs, to encourage commerce between member nations.

Arctic Council

A multilateral organization composed of representatives

African Union

organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

failed state

A state so weak that its political structures collapse, leading to anarchy and violence

ethnic nationalist movement

a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on ethnocentric approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

ethnonationalism

The identification and loyalty a person may feel for his or her nation.

cultural cohesion

The capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens of the same state.

Mediterranean Climate

Very warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters

tropical climate

Uniformly warm throughout the year, very humid rainforest climate, heavy precipitation

intensive agriculture

Agriculture that requires large quantities of inputs (e.g., labor, capital, agricultural products) per unit of land

market gardening

small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers

plantation agriculture

production of cash crops on a large piece of land, common in tropical climates

mixed crop/livestock system

Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area

extensive agriculture

yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land)

shifting cultivation

burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes

nomadic herding

continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

Ranching

type of commercial farming in which the livestock is allowed to roam over an area

rural settlement pattern

Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities

clustered settlement pattern

homes and other structures are concentrated in a specific area

dispersed settlement pattern

characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

linear settlement pattern

"long-lot" settlements that divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from river, roads or canals

rural survey method

people live and build communities in rural areas, or areas outside of urban centers

metes and bounds

uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels

township and range

rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.

long lot

houses on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access

domestication

a plant or animal being tamed by human society so that it can be reliably utilized to provide for human sustenance

Fertile Crescent

egion of the Middle East that was particularly fertile several thousand years ago

Indus River Valley

Region in South Asia where the first urban revolution occurred

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world

First Agricultural Revolution

transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining

Second Agricultural Revolution

introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, increase in agricultural production

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds and fertilizers.

high-yield seed

Seeds that are selectively bred or modified to grow larger yields of produce or desirable size/shape/effectiveness

mechanized farming

farming techniques that rely on machines to more efficiently produce crops, more common in MDCs

subsistence agriculture

agriculture in which farmers only grow crops to sustain themselves and their family

commercial agriculture

agriculture meant to be sold

monocropping/monoculture

cultivation of a single crop

bid-rent theory

rice and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases; competition for land next to the city center

commodity chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

economies of scale

reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases

Von Thünen’s model

economic model developed in the 19th century that aims to explain the spatial organization of agriculture and how it is influenced by transportation costs.

global supply chain

system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer

export commodity

good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country