BIOL 105 - Exam 2 - Cardiovascular System

What is in the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood, and blood vessels

the cardiovascular system transports...

O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, immune cells, antibodies, wastes

the cardiovascular system maintains _________ for a variety of internal conditions such as temperature, pH, water, and electrolyte balance

homeostasis

what other system is vital to both the circulatory and immune systems

lymphatic

arteries carry blood...

away from the heart

what are the layers of the arterial wall

inner, middle, outer

inner arterial wall is...

a thin layer of endothelium

middle arterial wall is...

thick smooth muscle and elastic tissue

outer arterial wall is...

connective tissue

regulate blood flow to different organs by constricting or dilating their muscular walls and regulate blood pressure

arterioles (small arteries)

Control blood flow to the capillary beds based on tissue needs

precapillary sphincters

veins carry blood...

toward the heart

in the veins and allows blood to flow in one direction

valves

small veins

venules

a very thin walled vessel; together they form vast intricate networks

capillaries

in the capillaries is is the site of exchange of materials between...

the blood and the body clls

the walls of capillaries are

one thick cell

blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle

coronary circulation

supply blood to the heart muscle; provide cardiac muscle tissues with oxygen and nutrients

coronary arteries

drain away the blood from the heart muscle

cardiac veins

if the coronary artery is blocked, then oxygen and nutrients cannot reach the muscle tissue resulting in...

myocardial infarction or a heart attack

thick membranous fibrous sacs that support and protect the heart

pericardium

mostly cardiac muscle tissue

myocardium

inner lining

endocardium

2 smaller thin walled upper chambers

atria

2 larger more muscular lower chambers

ventricules

complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells

intercalated discs

link adjacent cardiac muscles so that electrical impulses can travel between cells and cause to contract almost simultaneously

gap junctions

possess many mitochondria

cardiac muscle

separates the stria from the ventricles and prevent backflow of blood into the atria

atrioventricular (AV) valvs

on the right side of the heart, has 3 flpas

right AV valve/tricuspid valve

on the left side of the heart, has 2 flaps

left AV valve/bicuspid valve

prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles

semilunar valves

between left ventricle and aorta

aortic semilunar valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

pulmonary semilunar valve

the sound of the AV valves closing

lub

the sound of the semilunar valves closing

dub

contraction of a chamber of the heart

systole

relaxation of a chamber of the heart

diastole

located in the right atrium

sinoatrial (SA) node/pacemaker

located between the 2 atrias

Atrioventricular (AV) node

what is the order that penetrates the wall of the ventricles and cause the ventricles to contract

SA node -> AV node -> Branches of AV bundle -> purkenje fibers

powerful tool that records the electrical events associated with the heartbeat

electrocardiogram

signals from Sa node spread across the atria and cause them to contract; depolarization

P waves

spread of signals through ventricles and ventricular contraction; depolarization

QRS wave

repolarization of the ventricles before contraction

T wave

a pressure wave created by the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries

pulse

smooth muscle on the middle layer contract and increases blood pressure

vasoconstriction

smooth muscle of the middle layer relaxes and reduces blood pressure

vasodilation

the system controlled by centers in the brainstem constantly adjusts the hearts pace based on the body's needs

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the flight or flight response which increases heart rate and contractility

sympathetic nervous system

the rest and digest response which decreases heart rate

parasympathetic nervous system

what releases the hormone epinephrine (aderenaline)

adrenal gland

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

blood pressure

what measure blood pressure

sphygmomanometer which measure the pressure of the brachial artery of the arm

highest pressure

systolic pressure

lowest pressure

diastolic pressure

low oxygenated blood; transports blood to and from the lungs forming the pulmonary circuit

right side of the heart

oxygenated blood; transports blood to and from body tissues forming the systemic circuit

left side of the heart

are like varicose veins, but smaller and closer to the surface of the skin

spider veins

twisted veins that can be blue, red, or skin-colored. The larger veins may appear ropelike and make the skin bulge out

varicose veins

can lead to stroke, heart attack, angina pectoris (chest pain), or an aneurysm

hypertension and atherosclerosis

a condition in which builds up inside the arteries

atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries

if the oxygen supply to the heart muscle is reduced...

a heart attack can occur

if the oxygen supply to the brain is cut off...

a stroke can occur

a life threatening medical emergency that happen when blood flow to heart is blocked

myocardial infarction/heart attack

a bulge in the wall of an artery

aneurysm

depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue and cell which can be fatal

a bursted aneurysm

A healthy blood vessel from another part of the body ( arm, or leg) is cut and attached to the coronary artery above and below the blockage

coronary bypass surgery

also called balloon angioplasty, is a procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease. It restores blood flow to the heart muscle without open-heart surgery

angioplasty

is a mechanical device that replaces the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart

artificial heart

an operation in which a failing heart is replaced with a healthy donor heart

heart transplant