PSYC 481 Final Exam

Who is William Tuke?

York Retreat: residential treatment center that respected patient's humanity

Who is Phillippe Pinel?

Treatise on Insanity: empathy > cruelty

Who is Eli Todd?

The Retreat: US hospital devoted to treatment of people with mental illness in humane and dignifies ways

Who is Dorothea Dix?

• treatment of incarcerated people with mental illness

• collected national data to increase compassionate care

Who is Lightner Witmer?

• founded first psychological clinic at University of Pennsylvania

• founded first scholarly journal "The Psychological Clinic"

• studied children, saw applications in adults

What is a predoctoral internship?

• student --> professional

• final year before degree

• year-long supervised clinical experience

What is a postdoctoral internship/fellowship?

• obtain clinical hours for licensure

• gain specialized training

• 1-3+ years

What is the examination for professional practice in psychology (EPPP)?

• standardized, multiple-choice

• assesses foundational knowledge and practical skills

What is the california psychology law and ethics examination (CPLEE)?

• standardized, multiple choice

• evaluates state-specific laws and regulations and ethics

What is the scientist-practitioner (boulder model)?

• integration of scientific research and practice

• model for PhD programs

• critiques: validity, utility of training, promotion of data collection skills vs critical thinking

What is the practitioner-scholar (vail model)?

• emphasis on training competent clinicians

• psychologists are "critical consumers of research"

• model for PsyD programs

What is the clinical scientist model?

• research and clinical practice are related

• emphasis on research skills and training

• purpose: advance knowledge in the field

• PhD program

What is APA accreditation?

• not required

• for PhD and PsyD programs

What is cultural competence/cultural humility?

cultural self-awareness, knowledge of diverse cultures, and culturally appropriate clinical skills

What is psychosis?

disruptions to thoughts and perceptions with disconnection to reality, occurs across a spectrum

What are positive psychosis symptoms?

• delusions

• hallucinations

What are negative psychosis symptoms?

• anhedonia: lack of interest

• avolition: lack of motivation

• alogia: reduced speech, flattened affect

What are disorganized symptoms?

incoherent speech, concrete thinking

What are psychotic disorders?

• schizophrenia

• schizoaffective disorder

• schizophreniform disorder

• Bipolar disorder

• depression with psychotic features

• substance-induced psychosis

• brief psychotic disorder

• delusional disorder

• organic psychosis

What are the components of a clinical interview?

• attentive listening

• empathy

• respect

• cultural sensitivity

What is rapport?

positive, comfortable relationship between interviewer and client

What are the techniques of a clinical interview?

• directive vs nondirective styles

• open versus closed-ended questions

• clarifying questions

• confrontation (regarding discrepancies)

• paraphrasing

• reflection

• summarizing

What are the types of interviews?

• intake interview

• diagnostic interview

What is the purpose of an intake interview?

determine need for treatment and treatment plan

What is the purpose of a diagnostic interview?

determine diagnosis

What is a structured interview?

• preplanned questions, standardized

• can be semi-structured

What is a mental status exam?

quick assessment of client functional

What is a crisis interview?

• assess a crisis situation and determine immediate intervention steps

• need quick rapport and empathy building

What is confidentiality?

ethical obligation to protect client information, and promote transparency and trust

What are the approaches to intelligence?

• Charles Spearman "g"

• Louis Thurstone and multiple factor analysis

• hierarchical model of intelligence

• fluid vs crystallized intelligence

What are the purposes of intelligence testing?

• identify intellectual developmental disorders or developmental delays, or giftedness

• educational and vocational planning

• school placement

• targeted assessment questions

What are the components of psychometrics?

• validity

• reliability

What are the Wechsler tests of intelligence?

• adult —> WAIS-IV

• children —> WISC-V

• preschool —> WPPSI-IV

• uses hierarchical model of intelligence "g" and "s"

What are the factor models of the Wechsler intelligence tests?

• verbal comprehension

• perceptual reasoning:

  • visual spatial

  • fluid reasoning

• working memory

• processing speed

What is the full-scale intelligence score?

• "g"eneral intelligence factor

• overall IQ score that represents general intelligence

• broad measure of intelligence

What are index scores and subtest scores?

• "s"pecific abilities

• specific scores to measure specialized abilities or cognitive skills

• specific measure of intelligence

What is Spearman’s one-factor model (g theory)?

• all cognitive abilities share one common general intelligence factor, "g"

• individual differences in scores can be explained by some test-specific variance, “s"

What is Thurstone’s multiple-factor model?

several primary mental abilities instead of just one "g"

What is the hierarchical model?

• combo of Spearman+Thurstone

• several specific abilities at the bottom, all influenced by one top-level "g" factor

What are the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales?

• uses hierarchical model of intelligence: full scale IQ —> factor scores —> subtest scores

• better assesses people are extremes

What are the factor models of Stanford-Binet intelligence scales?

• fluid reasoning

• knowledge

• quantitative reasoning

• visual-spatial processing

• working memory

What is the universal nonverbal intelligence test-2 (UNIT-2)?

• language-free test of intelligence

  • uses hand gestures and pointing

• 5-21 years old

• uses a two-tiered model of intelligence

What are the factor models of the UNIT-2?

• memory

• reasoning

What are achievement tests?

• what a person has accomplished intellectually

• determines the presence of specific learning disorders

• measures comprehensive achievement or single achievement

What is the purpose of the Wechsler individual achievement tests?

• produces composite scores

• can screen for dyslexia

What is neuropsychological testing?

• measures cognitive functioning or impairment

• corresponds to specific brain regions or structures

• can be used after a head injury

• determines prognosis, baselines, and plans for treatment

• full batteries vs brief measures

What is the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery (HRB)?

• identifies brain damage and provides detailed information about impairments and brain regions

• determines diagnosis and treatment plans

• measures motor skills, hearing, touch, and sight

• 15+ years old

What is the Bender-visual-motor Gestalt test?

• psychological screening test, not a battery

• uses geometric designs

• measures visual-spatial skills

• 3+ years old

What is the Wechsler memory scale?

• measures visual and auditory memory

• 16-90 years old

What are the types of personality tests?

• objective tests

• performance-based tests (projective tests)

What is the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

• standardized, objective, empirically based test

• determines diagnoses and treatment planning

• measures psychopathology using validity scales

• 567 items

What is the NEO personality inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3)

• standardized, objective, NON-empirically based test

• assess non-pathological personality

• five factor model of personality, "big 5"

What is the five factor model of personality aka the “big 5”?

• neuroticism

• extraversion

• openness

• agreeableness

• conscientiousness

What is the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II)?

• standardized, objective, NON-empirically based test

• assess depressive symptoms in teens and adults

• developed by Aaron Beck

What is the Rorschach inkblot method?

• projective test

• two phases of administration:

1. free association

2. inquiry

• measures personality based on the client's interpretation of inkblots

• scoring system developed later

What is the Thematic apperception test (TAT)?

• projective test

• developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan

• measures personality based on how the client creates a story from scene cards

What are the common assumptions of traditional personality tests?

• personality is stable and informs behavior

• personality assessment necessitates inference

• behaviors indicate underlying issues consistent with DSM diagnoses

What is the purpose of behavioral assessments?

• behaviors = the problem

• naturalistic observation

• define problem behaviors

• determine functionality of behavior

What is the Tri-partite model?

• clients

• therapists

• society (third party)

What is the transdiagnostic approach?

• single underlying factors causes different disorders

• targets emotional disorders

• uses unified protocol

What is the unified protocol?

• reduce negative thoughts

• decrease unheathy avoidance

• increase distress tolerance

• promote helpful behaviors

What is the Dodo bird verdict?

• therapeutic alliance

• hope

• attention to "problem"

• therapy moves from support —> learning —> action

What is the eclectic approach?

using the most empirically appropriate approach for a client; approach can change over the course of treatment

What is the integrative approach?

• combining techniques or elements of different psychotherapies into a “hybrid” version

What is psychodynamic psychotherapy?

• freud + psychoanalysis

• free association

• dreams

• resistance

• freudian slips

What is the psychosexual oral stage?

• first 1.5 years of life

• emphasis on mouth during this stage

• highly dependent on caregivers

What is the psychosexual anal stage?

• 1.5-3 years of age

• toilet training phase of development

• organization, control, rigidity

What is the psychosexual phallic stage?

• 3-6 years of age

• close relationships with caregivers

• Oedipus and Electra Complex

What is Freud's structural model of mind?

• id

• superego

• ego

What is the id?

seeks immediate satisfaction, pleasure, often selfish

What is the superego?

• rules, restrictions, prevents overindulgence

• developed by interactions with authority (parents)

What is the ego?

mediator between id and superego

What are defense mechanisms?

unconscious approaches to protect the ego and navigate the id-superego conflict

What is transference?

• client’s unconscious expectations that therapists reenact important relationships in their lives

• client —> therapist

What is countertransference?

• therapist’s unconscious expectations of clients based on their (therapist’s) personal relationships

• therapist --> client

What is interpersonal therapy (IPT)?

• brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

• treating depression, sometimes anxiety/eating disorders

What is humanistic psychotherapy?

• people are good or neutral inherently

• psychopathology comes from thwarted self-actualization

• AKA non-directive, client-centered, person-centered

What is self-actualization?

innate tendency to grow

What is positive regard?

• warmth, love, acceptance from others

• therapists give unconditional positive regard

What are the elements of humanistic psychotherapy?

• empathy

• unconditional positive regard

• genuineness

What is reflection of feeling?

• appreciation for client’s emotional experience

What is existential psychotherapy?

overwhelming realization that one is alone in the world and life is finite as root of psychopathology

What is Gestalt psychotherapy?

focus on the present and holistic awareness of self (mind and body)

What is motivational interviewing (MI)?

• addresses client ambivalence and uncertainty about change

• approach compassionately without pressure and facilitate understanding of the discrepancy between values and behavior

What is emotion focused therapy?

• short term

• empty chair technique

• experience emotions in the moment

What is behavioral therapy?

• emphasis on observable behaviors

• empirical

• Thorndike's law of effect

What is Thorndike's law of effect?

we repeat what works and avoid what doesn’t

What is behavioral conditioning?

• classical conditioning

• operant conditioning

What is classical conditioning?

• Pavlov

• pairing unrelated stimuli to produce desired response

What is operant conditioning?

• BF Skinner

• consequences shape behavior

What is exposure therapy?

• treatment for phobias

• uses anxiety hierarchy

• imaginal or in vivo exposures

What is the anxiety hierarchy?

list of anxiety producing experiences in order of level of anxiety produced

What is contingency management?

• reinforcement

• punishment

• extinction

What is reinforcement?

consequence that makes behavior more likely

What is punishment?

consequence that makes behavior less likely

What is extinction?

decreasing undesired behavior through removal of expected reinforcer

What is behavioral activation (BA)?

• increase frequency of enjoyed behaviors

• uses activity scheduling

What is activity scheduling?

developing a structured routine that increases frequency of enjoyed behaviors

What is cognitive therapy?

• how one thinks about and perceives a situation, event, or problem influences their reaction

• event —> thoughts —> feelings

What is Ellis and rational emotive behavior therapy?

• connection between rationality and emotion

• uses ABCDE model