world history s2

Why was Portugal the first Western European nation to travel to India by sea?

The Portuguese royal family invested heavily in naval exploration.

Who nearly bankrupted the Portuguese royal family by investing in sea exploration?

Henry the Navigator.

Who is Bartolomeu Dias?

A Portuguese explorer who was the first person to reach the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.

Who is Vasco da Gama?

The Portuguese explorer who became the first European to sail around Africa and reach India by sea.

What were the direct results of the voyages of Christopher Columbus?

It increased tension between Portugal and Spain.

Where did Christopher Columbus expect to land?

The islands of East Asia.

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas allow Spain to do?

It allowed Spain to colonize lands west of the treaty line.

What motivated the Netherlands to colonize Southeast Asia?

The Dutch wanted to make large profits by sending spices back to Europe.

Which technological advancements made it possible for European sailors to reach the Far East?

Caravel, astrolabe, magnetic compass.

How was the Dutch East India Company different from Spain and Portugal?

It didn't focus on spreading religion, was not run by the government, and functioned like its own government.

Who made first contact with the Aztec civilization?

Hernando Cortes.

What weaknesses of the Aztec empire did Hernando Cortes exploit?

Lack of immunity to European diseases, superior weapons, and alliances with rival tribes.

Who is Francisco Pizarro?

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

How did the Spanish and Portuguese conquests of South America differ?

Portuguese focused on plantations for cash crops, while the Spanish had small farms and mining.

Which economic activity was profitable for Spain and hazardous for workers?

Mining.

What did the Spanish land grant system, or encomienda, rely on?

The forced labor of Native Americans.

What were the results of ending the encomienda system?

Spain became more reliant on African slave labor.

Who was the Americas named after?

Amerigo Vespucci.

What characterized Spanish colonization in the modern-day United States?

The Spanish sent many military expeditions to control the wealth of the region.

Which economic activity was common in New France?

Fur trapping.

How was Jamestown different from Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies?

Jamestown was founded for economic reasons, while Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were founded for religious freedom.

What were the major causes of the French and Indian War?

France and Britain both claimed the Ohio Valley territory.

How did Native American relationships with the French and English differ?

The French formed trading alliances with Native Americans, while the English often viewed them as enemies.

Why did English colonists enslave fewer Native Americans in the southern colonies?

Native Americans died from European diseases due to lack of immunity.

What characterized the impact of European contact on Native Americans?

European diseases killed more Native Americans than warfare.

How did Muslims and Europeans treat enslaved Africans differently?

In Muslim society, slaves could sometimes gain freedom, while in European colonies slaves were considered permanent property.

Why did English colonists rely on enslaved Africans instead of Native Americans?

Africans had farming experience and resistance to New World diseases.

What did European slave traders exchange for enslaved Africans?

Guns.

What is the Middle Passage?

The leg of the triangular trade that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas.

What did New England import in the triangular trade?

Sugar and molasses from the West Indies.

What did New England export in the triangular trade?

Rum to Africa in exchange for enslaved Africans.

How did the perception of slavery change in the American colonies?

Slavery became based on race; African ancestry meant slavery for life.

In which field did enslaved Africans have the most significant cultural impact in the New World?

Music.

Where is the mixing of African, European, and Native American populations most visible today?

Brazil.

How were slavery and indentured servitude different?

Indentured servants came voluntarily for a set period of time; African slaves were brought against their will and enslaved for life.

Why did the establishment of some English colonies require joint-stock companies?

They spread financial risk among investors and were useful since England was more interested in trade than creating large plantations.

Which group gained significant economic power with capitalism’s rise?

Merchants.

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europeans?

New foods improved diets and increased population.

How did European colonization help create capitalist economies?

Colonization increased the money supply and the variety of goods available for purchase.

What is mercantilism?

An economic system in which nations seek to increase wealth and power by acquiring gold and silver and maintaining a favorable trade balance.