Studied by 10 people
What was life like for a Pioneer in the west?
Lonely, with high chance of disease.
How was fur trapping useful in the West?
It was a large industry in the Rocky Mountain area (people in these mountains had different cultures from regular westerners). Each summer, fur trappers would meet with traders from the East to exchange beaver pelts for manufactured goods ("rendezvous" system).
How did the environment of the West promote American immigration?
Many people like George Catlin painted the beauty of the West and advocated for national parks to be made.
What were some results of growing cities in America?
Cities brought disease and decreased living standards.
Why was the immigration rate in America so high?
People believed Europe was running out of room and some people who strived for revolution but failed ran to America. People also wrote to European peoples describing how great it was in America. Steamboats made the trans-Atlantic trip really easy and cheap.
How did the Irish get to America and what were their effects?
In the 1840s, many Irish came to America because of a potato rot in Ireland that many depended on for food. They were politically powerful because they bonded together as one large voting body. They increased competition for jobs, so they were hated by native workers.
What Molly Maguires?
Irish miners union that rocked PA coal districts in the 1860s-70s
Why did Germans migrate to America and how were they "better than the Irish?
Migrated because of crop failures. Unlike the Irish, the Germans possessed a modest amount of material goods when they came to America and moved to the Middle West to create farms. They were opposed to slavery and were more educated.
How did Americans feel during the immigration of Europeans?
American “nativists” hated their immigration. The Know-Nothing Party was created by Americans who opposed the immigrants The Roman Catholics created an entirely separate Catholic educational system to avoid the American Protestant educational system. Many people died in riots while discussing their emotions towards European immigration.
How was the Industrial Revolution sparked in Europe and why did it take so long to reach America?
Steam was used with machines to take the place of human labor. It took a while for it to spread to America because soil in America was cheap and peasants preferred to grow crops as opposed to working in factories.
What is the cotton gin?
Built by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin was more effective than slaves at separating the cotton seed from the cotton fiber. Its development affected the entire world. Because of the cotton gin, the South's production of cotton greatly increased and demand for cotton revived the demand for slavery.
Who was Samuel Slater?
Founded the factory system in America. He escaped Britain with memorized plans for textile machinery and put into operation the first machine to spin cotton thread in 1791.
Due to the cotton boom and the starting of the Industrial Revolution, what was New England known for and why?
New England became the industrial center of the Industrial Revolution in America because it had poor soil for farming and seaports enabled the import of raw materials and the export of the finished products.
How was the Treaty of Ghent bad for the small industrial United States?
The British manufacturers sold their products to Americans at very low prices. Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 to protect the American manufacturers.
What did Eli Whitney propose (besides the cotton gin)?
Eli Whitney came up with the idea of using machines to mass-produce items like muskets.
Who was Elias Howe?
Invented the sewing machine in 1846. The sewing machine boosted northern industrialization and became the foundation of the clothing industry.
What happened with the Patent Office due to the new industries?
The clerk resigned in despair because of all the new businesses. (This just shows the extend of how major the Industrial Revolution was)
What is limited liability?
An individual investor only risks his personal investment in a company in the event of a bankruptcy.
What were working conditions like?
Hours were long, meals were minimal and short, money was low. They were forbidden by law to form labor unions to raise wages.
What was Commonwealth vs. Hunt?
A Supreme Court ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided that their methods were honorable and peaceful. Originally, companies banned trading unions because they feared that they would protest for higher wages/vote for higher wages.
What did woman and girls do in the pre-industry?
Spun yarn, weaved cloth, made candles, soaps, butter.
What were factory girls?
Young woman who worked in factories in place of their pre-industry jobs. They worked 6 days a week for 12 hours per day and were forbidden to form unions. As a result, Catharine Beecher urged women to enter the teaching profession.
What was the Cult of Domesticity?
A widespread cultural religious faith that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker.
What region gave birth to a huge boost in farming and why?
Trans-Allegheny region (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio) because it was a great place to grow corn which was able to produce liquor and hogs (west stable items).
What items benefitted the farming industry?
John Deer’s plowing machine and the McCormick Reaper (scythe like in Fortnite).
What was the Lancaster Turnpike?
Hard-surfaced highway that ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster; drivers had to pay a toll to use it.
What was the Cumberland Road?
The federal government began to construct this road which ran from western Maryland (Cumberland), to Illinois.
Who was Robert Fulton?
Created the first steamboat. The steamboat played a vital role in the economic expansion of the West and South, via their extensive waterways.
What was the Erie Canal?
Thought of by Governor DeWitt Clinton, it was to connect the Great Lakes with the Hudson River to lower shipping prices and decrease passenger transit time.
What did the Erie Canal cause (other than its waterway and prices decreasing)
Spiked industry, raised land value near the canal.
Why were railways opposed? How did they benefit people?
Initially opposed because of safety flaws and because they took away money from the Erie Canal investors.
Benefitted people by allowing them to swiftly travel from place to place.
What was the Pony Express?
A railway system that transported mail from Missouri to Califmail transportation system where daring men would ride ponies from Missouri to California.
What were Clipper Ships?
Ships that sacrificed cargo room for speed and were able to transport small amounts of goods in short amounts of time.
What was the transportation revolution and what did it cause in the south, north, and west?
The transportation revolution was created because people in the east wanted to move west The South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain. The West grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in the East and in Europe. The East made machines and textiles for the South and the West. All of these products were transported using the railroad; the railroad linked America.
What was the market revolution?
The market revolution transformed the American economy to which people purchased goods that were produced all over the country.
What was Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason? (Connect this to Deism)
A book promoting Deism (belief in Science than a god) saying that all churches were meant to enslave mankind
What was the Second Great Awakening and how was it better than the first? (Possible quiz question)
A wave of religious fervor swept over the country. Women became more involved in religion and was spread super quickly because of the transportation revolution. Also prompted higher education standards
Who was Peter Cartwright?
A revivalist, traveling preacher who converted thousands to Christianity.
Who was Charles Grandison Finney?
One of the greatest revivalist preachers in New York that encouraged woman to partake in religion
The Second Great Awakening _______ (widened or lowered) the gap between the societal classes and regions. WHY??????
Slavery was a man cause.
How were the Mormons created and where did they reside?
Created by Joseph Smith who formed the Church of Mormons when he deciphered the Book of Mormon from some golden plates. Originally in Illinois, people hated the Mormons and killed Smith. This was when the religion fled to Utah.
Summarize the education system during the Second Great Awakening (was it good, bad)?
Tax-supported public education was implemented primarily in the North because Americans were influenced by Calvinism and the fact that these were the people of the future. PRIMARILY MEANT FOR MEN (woman were meant to be at home). There were not very many schools in the U.S. because of their high costs to communities.
What was lyceyum?
Lecture associations that travelled around the United States to carry learning to the masses (churches).
What was the American Temperance Society?
Many people developed drinking problems due to social norms. This prompted this society to form where its members persuaded people to stop drinking because it decreased worker efficiency.
What was the Maine Law of 1851?
When Maine banned the manufacture and sale of liquor because it decreased worker efficiency and destroyed family cultures.
What was the role of woman in the 1800s and what did it lead to?
It was to stay at home and obey to her husband. Because of these things, women actually started to avoid marriage.
What was the Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls?
Feminists met at Seneca Falls, to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include women.
Rather than focusing on pure science, people tended to invent ___
gadgets
How was medicine during the 1800s?
It was very poor and medicine proved to be mostly ineffective due to lack of technologies.
What is Greek Revival and Federal style?
It emphasized art that was reintroduced to America. The Federal style was a type of art while most art was derived from Greece.
What was romanticanism?
An advancement in literature in America from post war of 1812.
What was the transcendentalist movement?
A group of people who believed that knowledge transcends through senses and can't be found just by observation.
Who was Ralph Waldo Emerson?
Transcendentalist who urged American writers to write about American interests.
What percentage of cotton was exported to Britain?
Nearly 75%
How was the government affected by Planter aristocracy in the South?
It widened the gap between the rich and poor because the aristocrats made governmental decisions in their favor.
What were the roles of woman who owned slaves?
Slaveholding woman were able to command other woman slaves.
Why was the Southern economy starting to go into debt?
Cotton was extremely dependent and southern land owners bought too many slaves and land.
The White population of the south was mostly…
small/poor farmers who owned ZERO slaves.
Why did poor white people in the south support slavery?
They hoped to own slaves one day and achieve the American Dream.
Where did many free blacks settle?
New Orleans
How were blacks treated in the south?
In the South, free blacks were prohibited from having certain jobs and forbidden from testifying against whites in court. They were known as the "3rd Race."
Why did the north hate free blacks?
White southerners liked the black as an individual, but they hated the race. The white northerner professed to like the race, but disliked the individual.
What was the West Africa Squadron?
A shipping squadron that seized hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of grateful slaves. Was done because people were illegally exporting slaves.
What was the “Black Belt”?
Region of the South where most slaves were concentrated; stretched from South Carolina and Georgia into Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana
What were breakers?
When slaves did not do what they were told, they were whipped with a lash.
What is responsorial?
Style of preaching in which the congregation responds to the preacher with remarks of "amen." Often done by slaves and the cultures they created.
What is Nat Turners Rebellion?
Southern rebellion against slavery led by Nat Turner; the rebellion was defeated however the rebellious slaves killed 60 Virginians (mostly woman and children). Led to tighter restrictions on slavery like prohibiting education and mobility
What happened on the Amistad?
Enslaved Africans aboard the slave ship rebelled and took control of the ship in 1839. The ship landed in Long Island, but the Africans were eventually returned to Sierra Leone.
What was the American Colonization Society?
Founded in 1817 and focused on transporting blacks back to Africa. Liberia was founded in 1822 as a place for former slaves.
Who was Theodore Dwight Weld?
Abolitionist who spoke against slavery; wrote the pamphlet American Slavery As It Is (1839) which made arguments against slavery.
What was the American Anti-Slavery Society?
Founded in 1833 by followers of William Lloyd Garrison (wrote a militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator; publicly burned a copy of the Constitution) who also opposed slavery.
Who was Fredrick Douglass?
Black abolitionist who lectured for abolitionism; looked to politics to end slavery; published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.
What was the nullification crisis of 1832?
A series of emancipation (being set free) bills in Virginia that eventually led numerous states to prohibit all forms of emancipation. It silenced the voice of white southern abolitionism.
How did religion influence slavery?
Proslavery whites claimed that slavery was supported in the bible and that slavery was good for the Africans because it introduced them to Christianity.
What was the Gag Resolution?
Since a ton of abolitionist papers were flooding the House of Representatives this resolution required all anti-slavery appeals to be postponed without debate in the House.
Why did the North not secede from the union?
The southern planters owed much money to the northern bankers. If the Union collapsed, these debts would not be repaid. Additionally, New England textile mills were supplied with cotton raised by the slaves. If slavery was abolished, then the cotton supply would be cut off, resulting in unemployment.
What was the Election of 1824?
Between Jackson and Quincy Adams. Jackson had the most popular votes and had the most but did not have a majority. So president was determined by the House and Quincy Adams was chosen. People believed it to be a corrupt bargain because Henry Clay allegedly used his power in the house to get people to vote for Quincy Adams.
What was specie circular?
After the falling of the 2nd Bank of the United States, this stated If you want to buy land from the government, you have to use cash.
What was the Bank War?
Happened when Nicolas Biddle (2nd BUS founder) wanted to renew the bank. He did this early to put Jackson into a predicament (if he vetoed the bank, he would lose support from American and if he didn’t veto it, he would be a hypocrite of hating the bank). Jackson ended up vetoing it and an economic disaster struck.
Summarize Texas Independence…
Called the Battle of Alamo it happened people in Texas (came from Eastern America) wanted to become part of the United States and became Independent. Ultimately, TEXAS WINS but doesn’t become part of America at first because it was a SLAVE STATE.
Who was Alexis de Tocqueville?
Wrote a book called “Democracy in America” and encouraged people to travel to the United States as tourists and to look at their culture (and their democracy).
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Flashcard (73)