Renaissance study guide

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Last updated 2:36 PM on 3/13/26
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231 Terms

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Renaissance / Renacimiento

Rebirth of art, culture, philosophy, literature, music & theater / Renacimiento del arte, cultura, filosofía, literatura, música y teatro

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City-States / Estados-Ciudad

Independent Italian cities ruled by wealthy families, not unified under one ruler / Ciudades italianas independientes gobernadas por familias ricas, no unificadas

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Merchant Princes / Príncipes Mercantes

Wealthy ruling families with civic obligation to beautify their city through art / Familias ricas con obligación cívica de embellecer su ciudad con arte

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Medici Family / Familia Medici

Most important family of the Renaissance; bankers, poets, and art patrons of Florence (1449–1743) / Familia más importante del Renacimiento; banqueros, poetas y mecenas de Florencia

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Cosimo de' Medici

Banker of the Medici family; banker to the Pope / El banquero de la familia Medici; banquero del Papa

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Lorenzo de' Medici "The Magnificent"

Poet and major art commissioner of the Medici family / Poeta y gran comisionante de arte de la familia Medici

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Maria Luisa de' Medici

Last of the Medici family; donated all the art collection to the Uffizi Museum / Última de la familia Medici; donó toda la colección de arte al Museo Uffizi

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Pazzi Family / Familia Pazzi

Rival family that attempted to assassinate the Medici brothers in their chapel / Familia rival que intentó asesinar a los hermanos Medici en su capilla

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Condottieri

Hired military force that kept the city safe, employed by the rich ruling families / Fuerza militar contratada para mantener la ciudad segura, empleada por las familias ricas

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Patron / Mecenas

A person with money who commissions an artist through a formal contract including payment and room & board / Persona con dinero que comisiona a un artista con contrato formal que incluye pago y alojamiento

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Patronage System / Sistema de Mecenazgo

Formal contract between patron and artist specifying the artwork, deadline, housing, and payment / Contrato formal entre mecenas y artista que especifica la obra, plazo, alojamiento y pago

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Uffizi Museum / Museo Uffizi

Famous museum in Florence housing art from early to High Renaissance, donated by Maria Luisa de' Medici / Famoso museo en Florencia con arte del Renacimiento temprano al Alto, donado por Maria Luisa de' Medici

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Accademia Museum / Museo Accademia

Museum in Florence that houses Michelangelo's David / Museo en Florencia que alberga el David de Miguel Ángel

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The Duomo / El Duomo

The Florence Cathedral; also known as Brunelleschi's Dome / La Catedral de Florencia; también conocida como la Cúpula de Brunelleschi

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Baptistery / Baptisterio

Building in Florence where baptisms took place; famous for its bronze doors / Edificio en Florencia donde se realizaban bautismos; famoso por sus puertas de bronce

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Baptistery Doors Contest (1401)

Competition to design the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery; artists submitted one panel to be judged / Concurso para diseñar las puertas del Baptisterio de Florencia; los artistas presentaron un panel para ser juzgado

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Lorenzo Ghiberti

Won the 1401 Baptistery doors competition / Ganó el concurso de las puertas del Baptisterio de 1401

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Filippo Brunelleschi

Lost the Baptistery doors competition but went on to design the famous Florence Cathedral dome / Perdió el concurso de las puertas pero pasó a diseñar la famosa cúpula de la Catedral de Florencia

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Double Shell Design / Diseño de Doble Cúpula

Brunelleschi's engineering solution: two domes, one inside the other, with brackets between them to prevent collapse / Solución de Brunelleschi: dos cúpulas, una dentro de la otra, con soportes entre ellas para evitar el derrumbe

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High Relief / Alto Relieve

Sculpture on a wall where parts protrude so much they almost look like they can be removed / Escultura en pared donde las partes sobresalen tanto que casi parecen que se pueden desprender

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Low Relief / Bajo Relieve

Sculpture on a wall that is only slightly raised from the surface / Escultura en pared que apenas está ligeramente elevada de la superficie

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Cimabue (1280)

One of the earliest Renaissance painters; art is quite flat but an important starting point / Uno de los primeros pintores del Renacimiento; arte bastante plano pero punto de partida importante

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Giotto (~1305–1306)

First Renaissance artist to show emotion in his paintings; painted the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua / Primer artista del Renacimiento en mostrar emoción; pintó la Capilla Scrovegni en Padua

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The Lamentation / La Lamentación

Giotto painting showing Jesus taken from the cross; Mary holds him, Mary Magdalene is at his feet / Pintura de Giotto mostrando a Jesús bajado de la cruz; María lo sostiene, María Magdalena está a sus pies

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The Kiss of Judas / El Beso de Judas

Giotto painting showing Judas identifying Jesus by kissing him / Pintura de Giotto mostrando a Judas identificando a Jesús con un beso

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Masaccio

Considered the master of linear perspective in the Renaissance / Considerado el maestro de la perspectiva lineal en el Renacimiento

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The Holy Trinity / La Santísima Trinidad

Masaccio's most famous work; a perfect example of vanishing point and linear perspective / Obra más famosa de Masaccio; ejemplo perfecto de punto de fuga y perspectiva lineal

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Linear Perspective / Perspectiva Lineal

Technique that creates the illusion of depth on a flat surface using a vanishing point and horizon line / Técnica que crea ilusión de profundidad en una superficie plana usando punto de fuga y línea del horizonte

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Vanishing Point / Punto de Fuga

The center point in a composition where all diagonal lines converge; usually above Jesus' head in Renaissance art / Punto central donde convergen todas las líneas diagonales; usualmente sobre la cabeza de Jesús en el Renacimiento

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Horizon Line / Línea del Horizonte

The horizontal line that crosses the vanishing point in a linear perspective composition / La línea horizontal que cruza el punto de fuga en una composición de perspectiva lineal

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Contrapposto / Contraposto

The "S-curve" body stance borrowed from ancient Greece showing the ideal human body / Postura en "S" del cuerpo tomada de la Grecia antigua que muestra el cuerpo humano ideal

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Homunculus / Homúnculo

Depicting baby Jesus with the presence and aura of an adult to show reverence and divine importance / Representar al bebé Jesús con la presencia y aura de un adulto para mostrar reverencia e importancia divina

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Trompe-l'œil

Optical painting technique that makes flat surfaces look three-dimensional; revived in the Renaissance from ancient Rome / Técnica pictórica óptica que hace que superficies planas parezcan tridimensionales; retomada en el Renacimiento de la Roma antigua

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Fresco

Painting technique done on wet plaster; the paint fuses into the wall as it dries / Técnica de pintura sobre yeso húmedo; la pintura se fusiona con la pared al secarse

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Egg Tempera / Tempera de Huevo

Paint made with egg yolk used on wood panels before oil painting became common / Pintura hecha con yema de huevo usada sobre tablas de madera antes de que el óleo se popularizara

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Oil on Wood Panel / Óleo sobre Tabla

Painting medium used in early Renaissance before canvas; allows for richer, more detailed color / Medio de pintura del Renacimiento temprano antes del lienzo; permite colores más ricos y detallados

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Humanist Learners / Humanistas

Renaissance thinkers who studied philosophy, literature, music, and theater beyond just religion / Pensadores del Renacimiento que estudiaban filosofía, literatura, música y teatro más allá de la religión

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The 3 Things Artists Study / Las 3 Cosas que Estudian los Artistas

1) Anatomy, 2) Modeling (volume/shadow), 3) Perspective — to make art look as realistic as possible / 1) Anatomía, 2) Modelado (volumen/sombra), 3) Perspectiva — para hacer el arte lo más realista posible

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Melancholy of the Artist / Melancolía del Artista

The feeling

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Melancholy of the Artist / Melancolía del Artista

The feeling of sadness or introspection often experienced by artists, reflecting on human nature and existence / El sentimiento de tristeza o introspección que a menudo experimentan los artistas, reflexionando sobre la naturaleza humana y la existencia

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Sfumato / Sfumato

A painting technique used to create a soft transition between colors and tones, often associated with da Vinci / Técnica de pintura utilizada para crear una transición suave entre colores y tonos, a menudo asociada con da Vinci

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Chiaroscuro / Claroscuro

Technique used to create contrast between light and shadow in art, enhancing the three-dimensional effect / Técnica utilizada para crear contraste entre luz y sombra en el arte, mejorando el efecto tridimensional

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Baroque Period / Periodo Barroco

Artistic style characterized by dramatic expressions and detailed ornamentation, emerging after the Renaissance / Estilo artístico caracterizado por expresiones dramáticas y ornamentación detallada, que surgió después del Renacimiento

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Renaissance Man / Hombre del Renacimiento

A person with knowledge and skills in a wide range of areas, epitomized by figures like Leonardo da Vinci / Persona con conocimiento y habilidades en una amplia variedad de áreas, personificada por figuras como Leonardo da Vinci

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Chiaroscuro

Contrast of light and dark to create volume.

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Atmospheric Perspective

Background becomes blurrier to create depth.

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Linear Perspective

Use of horizon line and vanishing point to create depth.

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Horizon Line

Viewer’s eye level in a painting.

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Vanishing Point

Where perspective lines converge.

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Fresco

Painting on wet plaster.

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Pouncing

Transferring drawings with charcoal powder through holes.

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S-Curve

Classical body posture with weight on one leg.

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Kouros / Kore

Standing youth statues from ancient Greece.

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Renaissance Humanism

Blend of classical Greek/Roman ideas with Christian thought.

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Masaccio

Early Renaissance painter who pioneered perspective and chiaroscuro / Pintor del Renacimiento temprano que fue pionero en la perspectiva y el claroscuro

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The Tribute Money / El Tributo

Masaccio fresco showing Peter retrieving a coin from a fish / Fresco de Masaccio que muestra a Pedro recuperando una moneda de un pez

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The Holy Trinity / La Santísima Trinidad

Masaccio fresco known for architectural perspective / Fresco de Masaccio conocido por su perspectiva arquitectónica

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Sandro Botticelli

Early Renaissance painter mixing mythology and Christianity / Pintor del Renacimiento temprano que mezcla la mitología y el cristianismo

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Botticelli Head Tilt / Inclinación de cabeza de Botticelli

His signature downward head angle in figures / Su ángulo de cabeza inclinado hacia abajo característico en sus figuras

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La Primavera

Botticelli painting blending classical mythology and Christian symbolism / Pintura de Botticelli que mezcla la mitología clásica y el simbolismo cristiano

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Birth of Venus / El Nacimiento de Venus

Venus emerging from the sea on a shell / Venus surgiendo del mar sobre una concha

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The Three Graces / Las Tres Gracias

Three dancing women symbolizing grace and generosity / Tres mujeres bailando que simbolizan la gracia y la generosidad

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Zephyr / Céfiro

Greek god of the west wind / Dios griego del viento del oeste

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Chloris / Flora / Cloris / Flora

Mortal transformed into the goddess of spring / Mortal transformada en la diosa de la primavera

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Donatello’s David

Bronze statue of David standing on Goliath’s head.

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Michelangelo’s David

Marble statue showing David before battle.

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David (Biblical Story)

Young shepherd defeating Goliath with a sling.

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Carrara Marble

High-quality Italian marble used by Michelangelo.

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Pietà

Sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after the crucifixion.

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Michelangelo’s Age at Pietà

About 26 years old.

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Why Michelangelo Signed the Pietà

To prove authorship after people doubted him.

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Why Mary Is Larger than Jesus

Symbolic mother-child relationship and divinity.

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Shape of the Pietà

Triangular composition symbolizing the Trinity.

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Vandalism of the Pietà

Damaged by hammer attack and later restored.

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Sistine Chapel

Vatican chapel with Michelangelo’s ceiling paintings.

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Pope Julius II

Pope who commissioned the Sistine ceiling.

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Why Michelangelo Didn’t Want the Job

He considered himself a sculptor.

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Myth About the Ceiling

He did not paint lying on his back.

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Main Ceiling Panels

Creation of Adam, Eve, Fall of Man, etc.

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The Creation of Adam

Famous scene of God reaching toward Adam.

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Adam’s Vacant Expression

Symbolizes he has not yet received life.

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The Last Judgment

Large painting on the altar wall of the chapel.

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Restoration of the Ceiling

Soot removed to reveal original colors.

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"Monkey Jesus"

Famous failed fresco restoration in Spain.

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Tribute Money Story / Historia del Dinero del Tributo

Biblical scene where a tax collector asks Jesus for money; Peter retrieves a coin from a fish’s mouth and pays the tax. / Escena bíblica donde un cobrador pide impuestos; Pedro encuentra una moneda en la boca de un pez y paga el tributo.

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Chiaroscuro in The Tribute Money / Claroscuro en El Dinero del Tributo

Shadows in the folds of clothing create depth and volume in the figures. / Las sombras en los pliegues de la ropa crean profundidad y volumen en las figuras.

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Atmospheric Perspective in The Tribute Money / Perspectiva Atmosférica en El Dinero del Tributo

The mountains in the background appear lighter and less detailed to create depth. / Las montañas del fondo aparecen más claras y menos detalladas para crear profundidad.

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Hermes / Hermes

Greek messenger god identified by winged sandals in Botticelli’s La Primavera. / Dios mensajero griego identificado por sandalias aladas en La Primavera de Botticelli.

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Zephyr / Zéfiro

Greek god of the west wind who chases Chloris in La Primavera. / Dios griego del viento del oeste que persigue a Cloris en La Primavera.

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Chloris to Flora Transformation / Transformación de Cloris en Flora

Mythological moment where Chloris transforms into Flora, the goddess of spring. / Momento mitológico donde Cloris se transforma en Flora, la diosa de la primavera.

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Birth of Venus Anatomy / Anatomía en El Nacimiento de Venus

Venus is painted with an elongated neck, a missing shoulder structure, and oversized hands. / Venus está pintada con cuello largo, hombro poco definido y manos desproporcionadas.

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Moment Depicted in Michelangelo’s David / Momento Representado en el David de Miguel Ángel

The sculpture shows David before the battle with Goliath, thinking and preparing to act. / La escultura muestra a David antes de la batalla contra Goliat, pensando y preparándose.

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David’s Oversized Hands and Feet / Manos y Pies Grandes del David

Michelangelo exaggerated them to emphasize strength and heroic power. / Miguel Ángel los exageró para enfatizar fuerza y poder heroico.

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Michelangelo’s Marble Philosophy / Filosofía del Mármol de Miguel Ángel

He believed the figure already existed inside the marble and he released it by carving away the excess stone. / Creía que la figura ya existía dentro del mármol y la liberaba al quitar el exceso de piedra.

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Pietà Emotional Tone / Tono Emocional de la Pietà

The sculpture expresses calm and quiet sorrow rather than dramatic suffering. / La escultura expresa calma y tristeza silenciosa en lugar de sufrimiento dramático.

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Adam’s Passive Pose / Postura Pasiva de Adán

Adam appears relaxed because he has not yet received the spark of life from God. / Adán parece relajado porque aún no ha recibido la chispa de vida de Dios.

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Creation of Adam Interpretation / Interpretación de La Creación de Adán

The shape surrounding God has been interpreted as a human brain or a womb symbolizing creation. / La forma alrededor de Dios se ha interpretado como un cerebro humano o un útero que simboliza la creación.

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The Last Judgment / El Juicio Final

Fresco showing Christ judging souls that rise to heaven or descend to hell. / Fresco que muestra a Cristo juzgando las almas que suben al cielo o bajan al infierno.

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Michelangelo Self-Portrait in The Last Judgment / Autorretrato de Miguel Ángel en El Juicio Final

Michelangelo depicted himself as the flayed skin held by Saint Bartholomew. / Miguel Ángel se representó como la piel desollada sostenida por San Bartolomé.

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Tribute Money Story / Historia del Dinero del Tributo

Biblical scene where a tax collector asks Jesus for money; Peter retrieves a coin from a fish’s mouth and pays the tax. / Escena bíblica donde un cobrador pide impuestos; Pedro encuentra una moneda en la boca de un pez y paga el tributo.

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