Princ. De Animal Science Test 2 Prep

I'm trying. Sections include: Animal Cloning Animal Disease Animal Nutrition Animal Welfare/Rights

How many animal species have we cloned?

Mice, sheep, cow, cat, rabbit, pig

How expensive is it usually to clone an animal?

Horse: 80-90K

Cat: 30K

Dog: 50K

What was the first animal to clone?

Steen Willadsen, Cambridge, 1985 (cloned sheep from embryo cells)

Why don’t we clone more?

No real reason to clone nowadays, there’s no improvement from completely copying and it’s not worth the cost

What are different ways to produce offspring?

-Natural mating

-Artificial Insemination

-Embryo Transfer

-IVF (In vitro fertilization)

-Cloning

How does embryo transfer work?

An egg is fertilized by the sperm of a male and this creates an embryo, and that embryo is then transferred into a recipient female to then carry that child to full term and birth it

What is a donor cell?

Comes from the animal you want to clone

-Take an ear biopsy and skin cells divide and increase in number to be frozen and stored.

• Gives you a 2N cell

What is the recipient cell?

Unfertilized egg that will grow the donor cell

-Gives you 1N oocytes

What is enucleation?

removal of genetic material from oocyte

-Need to do this because we want to take out the DNA from the recipient cell and put it in the DNA of the Donor to make it a clone of what we want

Why would people clone livestock?

1. Produce a more consistent food product

2. Fewer numbers of animals needed for research trials

3. Disease resistance

4. Human medicine 

   1. Biopharmaceuticals (production of valuable drugs in milk)

   2. Human organ production by transgenic pigs

5. Produce in-tact male

What were the results of the K state cloning trial?

From the 86 cloned embryos transferred into 46 recipient cows, two calves were born and 1 lived “Chloe”

Are cloned animals GMOs?

No. GMO is just changing the animal how it is, while cloning makes a whole organism

What are the issues with cloning cattle?

• Low calving rate

• Higher incidence of abnormalities

• Process is getting better

• High success rate

• Used heavily in dairy industry 

  • Used with Bulls because as one gets older and runs out of steam they want a new one to collect sperm from

• Cows carrying cloned pregnancies generally don’t calve on time, or start lactating at parturition

Will cloning replace natural breeding and selection practices for livestock producers?

Probably not, long way from being perfect. Inconsistent and expensive

Are clones really identical?

Genetically the same, not usually exact replica in terms of looks

Is cloning genetic improvement?

No, it’s just copying one. Not improving it.

Define health in animals

A state in which all parts of the body are functioning normally

Define disease in animals

A disturbance in function or structure of an organ or part of the body

-Can be a cut or even something you would consider an injury or a scratch

What are the two main types of diseases?

Infectious: Transmissible, caused by pathogen or organism

Non-infectious: Not transmissible, disturbance created by something that isn’t living

What is a mechanical disease? (Non-Infectious Disease)

1. Wounds or rupture

   1. Ex: A big scratch on a horses 

   2. Ex: Genetic Tumor is non-infectious

What are digestive disturbances? (Non-Infectious Disease)

1. Bloating: Unable to release buildup

   1. Usually bloat builds up on one side, if build up on both sides then it starts to get dangerous

2. Ingestion of Hardware: When metal or wire ends up in food and an animal eats it

   1. Usually starts in the reticulum (a holding vat) compartment; when piece of metal is consumed and penetrates part of digestive system

   2. Animal loses a lot of weight, if pinched on middle of shoulders they buckle

3. Dental failure- teeth don’t work

What are toxicants? (Non-Infectious disease)

1. Plant origin- Black nightshade, double leaf stages of cockle burrs, etc.

2. Non Plant- Lead, arsenic, Nitrates, etc

   1. Nitrogen: When plants take in fertilizer with lots of nitrogen and due to lack of rain, they don’t grow enough and the nitrogen is just absorbed. 

      1. Leads to lack of oxygen and suffocation

         1. Test plants: If plant has 9,000 parts nitrate per million then they can mix high nitrate and low nitrate plant together to get middle ground

   2. Lead: Sometimes ponds or streams have high levels of lead

What are nutritional deficiencies or excesses? (Non-infectious disease)

A lack of nutrition or too much nutrition in a diet

What is malignant or nonmalignant cell growth? (Non-infectious disease)

Malignant is dangerous and possibly cancerous, nonmalignant is non-cancerous

What are genetic disorders?

What are metabolic disorders?

What are infectious diseases?

Caused by Pathogens, organisms that cause disease

-Transmissible, can be spread

What are the 4 requirements for perpetuation of infectious diseases?

1. Entrance to host

2. multiply and adapt

3. Satisfactory exit from body

4. Transmission or spreading

How can an infectious disease enter a host?

-Respiratory Tract (#1 method)

-Mucous membranes of eye (in animals when flies feed on the membranes of the animals

-Genital tract (maturing or parturition)

-Teat Canal (especially in lactating females

-Naval Cord (in the neonate)

• In the umbilical cord that can easily get things up to the body

• Putting iodine on it can help

-Contaminated Instruments

• Should always changes needles and instruments that are entered into animal body

• Keep everything in disinfectant

-Insect Bites (flies, ticks, etc. carry disease from one animal -> another)

-Wound contamination (Have to keep wounds clean)

-Digestive tract; food poisoning

How does an infectious disease multiply and adapt?

This phase causes injury to the host

-Medicine works here

• Try to target specific threat but usually in a rush and have to use broad medicine 

• Antibiotics aren’t very efficient against virus, usually Doc won’t prescribe antibiotics

• Antimicrobials

• Fluids/Electrolytes

• Analgesics

• Usually give livestock painkillers to make sure the animal feels good enough to eat and drink to make them feel better

What are some ways an infectious disease will exit the body?

-Respiratory

-Saliva

-Droppings

-Drain from sores

-Breeding

-Insect bites

-Wound contamination

-Digestive tract

How do infectious diseases transmit or spread?

We want to isolate animals from each other

-Diseased animals

-Polluted streams or water

-Vehicles used to transport animals

-Carrion Feeders

-Insects

-Airborne pathways

-Contaminated Facilities/handling equipment

-Feeds

-Intermediate hosts

-Carrier animals (swine carry leptospirosis to cattle)

• Sometimes diseased animal can spread it without you knowing they have it

What is Zoonosis?

Movement of pathogens from Animals to Humans (or vice versa)

• Ex: SARS, bird flu, tuberculosis, West Nile, Lyme disease, rabies, monkeypox, and anthrax

  • About 10% of time the tuberculosis test will count as reactive even if they don’t have it

  • Brucellosis Transferred to humans and gave people undulant fever that killed some people (Kansas is Brucellosis free state)

• Ecological disturbance increases chances of zoonosis

COVID- is not zoonotic

What are zoonotic diseases caused by?

• Viruses

• Bacteria

• Protozoa

• Worms

• Fungi

• Prions (BSE; Mad cow disease)

What is the worst kind of zoonotic disease?

• Viruses are most problematic (Can be really bad)

  • Not affected by antibiotics

  • Can be high mortality

  • Have no locomotion

  • Travel via humans and animals

• PED is an example in pigs 

• Bird Flu

What is morbidity and mortality?

Morbidity is sickness

Mortality is death

What is immunity?

The ability of an animal to resist or overcome an infection

What is natural immunity?

1. Mechanical (Skin)

2. Physiological- Mucous secretions, phagocytes (WBC), acidity of certain secretions, unfavorable body temperature, blood is bacterial

What is acquired resistance?

Animals develop antibodies after disease or immunization antibodies are stimulated to be produced by antigens

What are the three ways to obtain antibodies?

1. Have the disease

   1. Ex: Get a disease and your body will get antibodies

2. Vaccinate

3. Direct antibody injection

What is an Antibody?

Any of various proteins in the blood generated in reaction to foreign antigens

• They produce immunity to certain microorganisms

What is an Antigen?

A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates production of an antibody

What is an Antibiotic?

Any substance produced by certain fungi, bacteria or other organisms that inhibit growth or destroy microorganisms

What is Active Immunity?

Animal builds an antibody titer in response to antigen challenge

• More severe on systems

• Longer lasting- as animal matures, level of active immunity increases

What is Passive Immunity?

• Animal ingests antibodies

• Short term protection

• Colostrum- mother’s 1st milk- 2x normal solids

  • Calves drink this and they get protection from diseases; they’re ingesting the antibody

• Animals born with little immunity

• Newborn has ability to absorb intact antibody across gut epitheliums at 24 hours, we have ‘Gut closure’

Important for NEWBORNS

What is an Antiserum? (immunization)

Serum component of whole blood that contains antibody

• Hyperimmunized donor animals

• Immediate immunity when injected

• Very short duration

• Highly perishable

• Relatively expensive

• Species specific

What are Bacterins? (immunization)

Killed bacterial cultures

• Get specific antigen into body w/out risk of disease

• Can mix several strains i.e. 5 way Leptospira

• Medium duration

• 1 year long immunity

• 2 shots initially

what are Vaccines? What are the two kinds? (immunization)

1. Monovalent (rifle)

2. Multivalent (Shotgun)

• Products containing live action

• One of the most common is brucellosis

• Most common vaccines today are against viral diseases

• Virus adapted until it loses its virulence

  • Called attenuation

• May also be mlv- modified live

• Longest lasting immunity is Modified Live

  • May cause disease

• Use only in non-pregnant animal

What is planned infection? (immunization)

Getting someone/something infected to build an immunization

ex: Sending Kid to hangout with chicken pox kid

1. Difficult to eradicate rhino pneumonia in horses

   1. Done with abortion risk is minimal

   2. Herd immunity

What is herd immunity?

When a group is immune and this creates a build of immunity amongst the group or herd

-Must have high % vaccinated or with the disease

What are the 7 types of injections?

1. Subcutaneous

2. Intravenous- in the vein (an IV)

3. Intramuscular- in the muscle (IM)

4. Intradermal- in the skin 

5. Nasal

6. Ocular

7. Oral

What is a subcutaneous injection?

Under the skin

-About 5/8ths inches long, 16/18 Gage needle

-Injections and most vaccines from shoulder and forward so they aren’t damaging the cuts of meat)

What is an intravenous injection?

 in the vein (an IV)

What is intramuscular injection?

In the muscle

-Generally needles about 1.5 inches long, 18 gage

What is an intradermal injection?

In the skin

-Must use very short needle

What is a nasal injection?

In the nose

-Just need a drop to get in

-Number one product in terms of sales

-Every dairy calf born today in American gets a nasal injection within days of birth

What is an ocular injection?

In the eye

-Used to have to inject cows in the eye with penicillin to stop pink eye

What is an oral injection?

In the mouth

-Can use oral injection to prevent worms

What is the Beef (BQA) and Pork (PQA) Quality Assurance?

-A program to ensure producers properly administer drugs and antibacterials

-A system to produce the highest quality carcasses

What are some techniques for quality assurance?

1. Restrain Animals Properly

2. Select the best Route (Subq injection is preferred today)

3. Choose the best site (Usually the shoulder and forward, preferably the neck, so that the cuts of meat won’t be affected)

4. Use proper injection techniques

-No more than 10ccs at an injection site

1. Remove any Air from syringe before giving injection

2. Maintain Sanitation

3. Take proper care of products

4. Mark and Separate syringes

5. Do NOT combine products

6. Mix/Reconstitute vaccines properly

How do you maintain sanitation with injections in livestock?

-Don’t go back into product bottle with same needle

-Change needles every animal

-Use disinfectant on kill vaccine needles- do NOT use disinfectant on MLV products

-Make sure injection site is clean

-Between daily uses clean MLV syringe with hot water and other syringes with disinfectant

What are the normal body temps for most animals?

• 98.6 in Humans 

• Always check animal temperature to see if it is sick

• Avians (Turkey and chicken) have higher temps, closer to 105 and 107

• Cattle, dogs, cats are around 102

Mammals usually have cooler temps than birds

What are the 10 SIGNS OF ILLNESS

1. Don’t eat; loss of appetite

2. Listlessness; have no get up and go. Lethargic, don’t wanna move or do anything

3. Droopy ears; kinda sad

4. Separation from group

5. Nasal Discharge; pay attention to consistency and color

   1. If mucous and brown or yellow color then its bad

   2. Clear and liquid are fine

6. Increase respiration Rate, coughing

7. Unusual Odor 

8. Stiff or labored movement

   1. Some injections can impact joints

9. Abnormal Feces; can tell a lot by looking at poo

10. Isolation from the herd

    1. Only time they’re isolated besides from bein sick is if they’re about to have a baby

How do you know how much antibiotics to give?

 ___ cc/mL per ___ lbs of body weight

ex : 4 cc/mL per 100 lbs of body weight

• 1000M/100 = 10 X 4 CC = 40 CC

How much vaccine do you give?

will say you need to give x cc/head or 2 mLs/head

-Usually once a year

What is Animal Nutrition?

 The sum of the processes concerned with the utilization of feed nutrients by animals

• Nutrition is directly related to genetic propensity

• Animals will only be as good as they are genetically

• Nutrition can maximize genetic potential-

-Farmers for livestock buy what’s cheapest

Why is nutrition important to animal science?

• Optimize animal performance by supplying nutrients required by the animal

• Of environmental effects nutrition is one of the most easily manipulated

• Economically, input costs of livestock production are largely driven by diet and feed cost

• Usually the largest cost of animal ownership

What is the metabolic hierarchy? (Shown first to last importance)

• Maintenance

  • Support of body processes

• Growth

  • Increase in weight or size

• Reproduction

  • Proliferation of species

• Animal Products

  • Used for human consumption

What is a feed nutrient?

Any substance found in food used for body functions

-6 Classes of nutrients

-5 Classes of animal feed

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

1. Water

2. Carbohydrates

3. Proteins

4. Fats

5. Minerals

6. Vitamins

Describe the nutrient Water

Animals need 3-4 times as much water as they do solids

-Functions:

• Nutrient transport

• Body temperature Regulation

  • Very critical function of water

• Lubrication

  • Water lubricates joints

• Maintain Body fluids

  • Sodium is really high in gatorade

Acquired by:

• Drinking

• Part of solid food

  • Dog and cat food high in moisture 

• Body metabolism

  • Have chemical reactions in body that release water

Lost by:

• Urine (Dark and yellow if dehydrated)

• Feces

• Sweat and lungs

Deficiencies can affect feed intake

-Water has to be high quality and high quantity

-Water quality can affect intake;

• Salt, sulfate, nitrate, bacterial pathogens

Describe the nutrient Carbohydrates

Primary role is to supply energy

-Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

-Major component of diets (% of diet)

• Soluble vs. Insoluble

What are Soluble Carbohydrates?

-Simple

-Alpha Linkage

Examples:

Monosaccharide:

• Glucose (sugar)

Disaccharide:

• Lactose (Milk)

Polysaccharide:

• Starch (corn)

What are insoluble carbohydrates?

-Complex

-Beta linkage

Examples:

1. Cellulose (forages sometimes)

2. Hemicellulose

3. Lignin- Not a CHO, in very mature plants

4. Fiber

Describe the nutrient protein

“Building Blocks of Body”

-Primary role is to supply protein

-Composed of Amino Acids (AA)

-When given to ruminants: to feed microorganisms/bugs in rumen

-When given to monogastric: to feed animal

• Shortage of any one AA is limiting

• Ruminants can use Non-Protein Nitrogen (NPN) if no more than 50% in diet

I.e. Urea

What are essential proteins?

Not formed in body in adequate amount

-Must be supplied in diet

-Soy bean meal covers most of the amino acids needed

What are non-essential proteins?

Formed in the body at other Amino acids

-Do not have to be supplied in diet

-Put in ruminant diets, can’t be 100% of their protein source,

Describe the nutrient fats

Primary role is to supply energy, provides a lot of energy

-Monogastric can handle 15-25% fat

-Dry food packaging is sprayed with fat on inside to reduce dust and add flavor

-Fat is 2.25 times as high in energy as Carbohydrates and protein

• Other functions:

  • Flavor

  • Reduce Dustiness

Why not use fat as primary energy?

Animals are limited in their ability to use fat

What happens if something has too much fat in their diet?

Makes really loose stool

-Quick fix: Repopulate gut with ruminant fluid that makes it want to eat again and feel comfortable eating

-Too much fat in a ruminant's diet will destroy the gut; destroy the organisms and microbes in the gut

Why do animals need fat?

-First layer protects the organs in newborn animals (internal fat)

-Also get a second layer of fat; seam fat/intermuscular fat. Not a big function, consumers don’t like it

-Third layer of fat is the subcutaneous layer. Pretty important, protects livestock in cold weather and low temp

-Intramuscular is final part of fat that is deposited in tissue, gives meat juiciness and tender

What are saturated fats?

Good stuff; bacon, processed meat, hot dogs, sausage

What are polyunsaturated fats?

Fish oils, oils from nuts and beans

Describe the nutrient Minerals

Provide Structure and Balance; important for building bones, skeletal frame, and tissue like that

-Macrominerals:

• Needed in large amounts

• Ie. Ca, P, Na, Cl, S, Mg

Microminerals: Can be TOXIC

• Needed in small amounts (trace minerals); if you overdo it then you’ll create toxicity and can cause death quickly

  • Ie. I, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Se, F

• Excess of minerals are TOXIC

• Will always cost a lot of money

Describe the nutrient Vitamins

Catalysts and regulators

-Fat soluble

-Can sometimes be synthesized by animal depending on time of year

-A, D, E, K

• K is synthesized in rumen

D is synthesized by sunlight on skin

• Water soluble

B complex and C

• Synthesized in rumen

How do we measure energy?

calories or joules

What are the 5 classes of feed?

1. Concentrates

2. Roughages

3. Protein Supplements

4. Non-Nutritive Additive

5. Vitamins/ Minerals

Describe concentrates

• High digestibility (80-90%)

• High Available energy (Carbohydrates and energy)

• Low fiber

• Examples:

  • Corn, sorghum, barley, wheats, oats

• Don’t want more than 30% wheat in a diet

• Oats, rolled oats for horse

Describe roughages

• Less digestible (50-65%)

• Highly variable in content

• High fiber, have cellulose

• Low in available energy

• Examples:

  • Hay, silage (60-70% moisture in it), grass, straw

• Hay and grass are typically dried to less than 20% moisture

• Straw is low in protein

Why do we feed roughages?

The cost and the rumen function

Describe protein supplements

• Feeds containing greater than 20% crude protein

• Made of Amino Acids

• Contribute amino acids (nitrogen)

• Examples:

  • Soybean meal, fish meal, meat and bonemeal, animal plasma, urea, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)

Describe Non-Nutritive Additive

Work to improve feed efficiency and growth

• Examples: 

  • Antibiotics

    • Minimize disease

  • ionophores

    • Improves rumen and hindgut fermentation (TOXIC to horses)

  • B-adrenergic agonists (basically like steroids for athletes)

    • Ractopamine- redirects energy used from fat to put on lean growth in muscle; reduces fat, increase muscle. Too much dries joints out

    • Zilpaterol

Describe Vitamins/Minerals

Needed in very small amounts (except macrominerals) and are included in premixes prior to being added to diets

What is digestion?

Obtaining nutrients essential for the body process from breaking down feed

• Includes acquisition and dividing food into smaller parts

• Horse and sheep use teeth

• Cow wrap tongue around grass and rip it out

What are the factors of digestibillity?

• Balance of ration

  • Have to put the right amount of each thing, make it balanced diet

• Combination of ingredients

  • Trying to reach certain target for % protein or % fiber

• Rate of passage

  • In animals they have an enzyme that slows down how fast food goes through an animal to let them absorb more nutrients

  • Collich condition: in horses when the rate of passage is too slow

• Feed intake

  • Animals like some foods more than others, if they like it a lot then they eat more

  • Issues with joints can affect feed intake when they don’t want to get up to walk for food

• Feed preparation/ processing

What is absorption of food?

Absorption primarily occurs in small intestine

-Ruminants absorb nutrients in rumen

-Must have absorption to utilize nutrients 

• If poo is watery and has blood in it and animal starts to lose weight means there's probably some damage to the small intestine

• Crossing the intestinal epithelium and entering the blood

Where does food start and end?

Rooter to tooter: Starts at mouth and ends at anus

What are the digestive tract functions?

1. Store food

   1. Store in the belly

   2. Food that you eat is broken down pretty quick sometimes, depends on animal

2. Prepare nutrients for absorption

   1. Get nutrients to cross the intestinal wall to get general needed nutrients to animal

3. Build useful products

4. Reject unused and broken down residue

Amylase (ends in ase) is enzyme that breaks stuff down

What are the steps of utilizing food?

1. Prehension

-Food grasping or gathering

2. Mastication

-Chewing

-Divides food particles

-Mixes with saliva

-Add enzymes for degradation (amylase breaks down)

3. Deglutition

-Swallowing 

4. Digestion

-Physical Changes

-Chewing, swallowing, crushing, peristaltic motions

-Chemical changes

• Enzymes, bacteria, microorganisms, digestive juices

  • Bacteria and microorganisms keep you alive and break things down 

5. Absorption

-Quality of food is important; minerals 

6. Circulation

-Transport nutrients to site of storage or use

-Via blood or lymph

7. Metabolism (not worried too much in livestock, but in pets we have diets formulated)

-Cell level utilization

-Anabolism; tissue growth, trying to gain weight

-Catabolism; tissue breakdown trying to lose weight and break stuff down

-Maintenance diet:They eat as much as their metabolism burns maintain weight

8. Excretion

• Body voids material

• Defecation

• Urination

• Exhale

• Sweat

• Wearing off of cells

What are the 3 Animal classifications?

Carnivores

Herbivores

Omnivores