hist 1302 exam 1 gen study guide

What were the two main reasons the Civil War ended?

To preserve the Union and end slavery.

What was the primary purpose of Reconstruction?

To reunite the South, rebuild it, and define freedpeople's rights.

What did the 13th Amendment do, and what was its loophole?

It abolished slavery except as punishment for crime; loophole allowed convict leasing.

What did the 14th Amendment do, and what was its loophole?

It gave citizenship and equal protection; loophole enabled segregation via 'separate but equal'.

What did the 15th Amendment do, and what were its loopholes?

It prohibited racial voting discrimination; loopholes included poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses.

What were the Black Codes, and what was their purpose?

Laws to limit African American freedom and recreate slavery-like conditions.

What is the difference between de jure and de facto segregation?

De jure is by law; de facto is by practice.

What was the primary purpose of lynching after Reconstruction?

To enforce white supremacy and prevent Black social and political gains.

How were white women used as justification for lynchings?

False accusations of assaults on white women were used to justify lynching Black men.

What is sharecropping and its economic issue?

System where freedpeople rented land but ended up in debt, keeping them economically trapped.

What was the Compromise of 1877 and its effects?

Ended Reconstruction; federal troops withdrawn; white supremacy restored.

What is the Lost Cause Myth and why is it significant?

Romanticized the Confederacy and minimized slavery's role; still influences racial attitudes.

Why did white supremacists use violence during Reconstruction?

To suppress Black rights and regain political control in the South.

What was the Convict Leasing System and why was it significant?

Forced African Americans into labor through arrests and leasing to private companies.

What is the difference between Presidential and Radical Reconstruction?

Presidential was lenient; Radical gave more rights to African Americans through military action.

What goal did the Freedmen's Bureau fail to accomplish?

Failed to redistribute land to formerly enslaved people.

Why did the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 occur?

Wage cuts during economic depression; troops used to end strike violently.

What is the difference between old and new immigrants?

Old: Northern/Western Europe pre-1880s; New: Southern/Eastern Europe post-1880s.

What is chain migration?

Helping relatives migrate and settle in ethnic communities.

Who were the Knights of Labor and what did they want?

Sought big reforms for all workers, including women and African Americans.

Who did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) represent?

Focused on skilled white men; wanted better wages and work conditions.

What was the Farmers' Alliance and its goal?

Want farmer cooperatives and lower railroad costs.

What was the People's Party (Populists) and what did it want?

Political party for economic reforms and unity of workers and farmers.

What were the goals of the Socialist movement?

Want public ownership of businesses and economic equality.

What happened during the Pullman Strike?

Workers protested wage cuts; federal troops broke the strike; Debs jailed.

What was the disassembly line?

Used in meatpacking; animals were broken down step-by-step by workers.

What did labor movements contribute to workers' lives?

Better wages, work hours, safety, and legal protections.

What was the significance of the eight-hour workday?

Limited workday to 8 hours to improve quality of life.

How did corporations achieve financial success?

By using scale, mergers, and efficient production.

What was the psychological justification for corporate success?

Social Darwinism: success came from 'fitness'; justified inequality.

What happened during the Haymarket Affair?

A bomb exploded during a labor protest; Knights of Labor lost credibility.

What are push and pull factors in migration?

Push: poverty or persecution; Pull: jobs and freedom.

What were common industrial disasters during this era?

Industries like mining and textiles were deadly due to unsafe work conditions.

How did the Republican Party respond to corporations?

Supported big business and minimal government regulation.

What were political machines and their goal?

Urban groups that traded services for votes to gain power.

What was the 'Criminal Class' and how did it form?

Belief that poor urban populations were naturally criminal due to poverty.

How did law enforcement change during industrialization?

Focused on order and control of immigrants and labor unrest.

What is vertical integration?

Company controls all steps: raw materials to sale.

What is horizontal integration?

Company takes over or merges with competitors in same industry.

What was the Ghost Dance and what did it reveal?

A spiritual movement hoping to restore Native ways; showed desperation.

What was the Frontier Thesis by Frederick Jackson Turner?

Claimed frontier shaped democracy and American character.

What was the purpose of the Dawes Act?

Break tribal lands into individual plots to assimilate Native Americans.

Why did the Dakota Uprising occur?

Broken treaties and starvation; Dakota resisted violently.

What were the roots of the Morrill Acts?

To fund agricultural colleges using federal land grants.

How were the Navajo removed by the U.S. government?

Military force; Navajo faced starvation and death on forced marches.

What was the Omaha Platform and its goals?

Populist platform seeking reforms for farmers and workers.

What were the effects of natural resource extraction?

Harmed the environment and displaced Native Americans and poor laborers.

Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?

Black soldiers who helped expand the West despite discrimination.

Why were Native Americans in Wild West Shows?

To earn money and maintain some cultural identity under stereotypes.

What was the 'New South' and its goals?

Modernize with industry while keeping racial segregation.

How did Karl Marx influence the labor movement?

Promoted class struggle and collective worker power.

How did people learn about child labor in the U.S.?

Through photos and reports exposing child labor in factories.

What was the Carlisle Indian School?

Boarding school to erase Native identity and assimilate children.

What was Plessy v. Ferguson and its consequences?

Legalized segregation under 'separate but equal'; upheld Jim Crow laws.

What were Jim Crow laws and give examples.

Laws to disenfranchise Black people, like poll taxes and grandfather clauses.