Pre-Ap Biology Exam Review

Stimulus

Something that causes a reaction in a living thing.

Controlled Experiments are used for

To have effective and reliable research

Bacteria

Living , Unicellular , Prokaryotic , Outer covering is called cell wall.

Virus

Non-Living , Outer Covering is Capsid.

Host

an organism that shelter and nourishes.

Variable

Anything that can change an outcome of a experiment.

Taxnomy

The study of naming , identifying , classifying organisms.

8 level of Classification

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

6 Kingdoms

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Eukaryotes

More complex organisms that have cells with a nucleus.

Prokaryote

Very simple organisms that have cells w/o nucleus.

Semi - Permeable

Allows substances pass across cell in one direction.

Permeable

Allows substances to pass through cell in both direction.

Chloroplast

Gets energy from the sun to make food for plants.

Mitochondria

Build and release Eneregy ( ATP)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Packages and Ship Proteins

Nucleus

Controls all Cells and contains the DNA

Lysosome

contains enzymes that " cleans up" the cell

Cell Wall

Protection

Nucleolus

Make ribsomes

Nuclear Membrane

Outer covering of Nucleus

Cytoskeleton

A group of microtubes that provide the cell w/ strength.

Ribsome

Make Proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Also Packages and Ships Proteins but is " free floating" Make Lipids.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Movement of Water

Active Transport

the pumping of molecules against concentration with expenditive of energy.

Passive Transport

movement of molecule across the the cell membrane without energy.

Endocytosis

into the cell

Exocytosis

releasing

Hypertonic

greater solution

Hypotonic

lesser solution

Isotonic

Equal Solution

3 things that make up Nucleotide

Nitrogen Base , Phosphate , Deoxyribose

Adenine And Guanine

Purines

Cytosine and Thymine

Pyrimideines

Enzyme helps DNA Replication

DNA Polymerase

Replication

Copying of DNA

3 Things Mutation can do

Be harmful , No harm at all , Add variety

Codon

Three nucleotide sequence on mRNA.

Transcription

Rna molecule are produced by copying part of of nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence.

Translation

Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

Mitosis

Division of Nucleus

Cytokinesis

Division of Cytoplasm

Mitosis takes place in

Body cells

Meiosis takes place in

Sex cells

Interphase

Centrial

Prophase

Spindels

Metaphase

Sister chromatide ( Middle )

Anaphase

Sister chromatide splits away

Telophase

See two cells

G1

Cell growth and activity

S

Dna replication

G2

Prepare