AP Psych - unit 3.2

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46 Terms

1

Learning

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2

Associative learning

learning that certain events occur together (2 stimuli or response and consequence)

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3

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

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4

Respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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5

Operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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6

Cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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7

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli

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8

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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9

Neutral stimulus (NS)

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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10

Unconditioned response (UR)

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

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11

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response

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12

Conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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13

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

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14

Acquisition

the initial stage in CC when one links a NS and an US so that the NS begins triggering the CR

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15

Higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus (AKA 2nd order conditioning)

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16

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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17

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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18

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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19

Discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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20

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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21

Law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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22

Operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

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23

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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24

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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25

Positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

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26

Negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (NOT punishment)

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27

Discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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28

Primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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29

Conditioned (Secondary) reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

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30

Reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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31

Continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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32

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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33

Fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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34

Variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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35

Fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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36

Variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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37

Punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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38

Cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned this

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39

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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40

Insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

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41

Observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

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42

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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43

Mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

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44

Preparedness

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

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45

Pro social behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

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46

anti-social behaviour

negative, destructive, harmful behavior. The opposite of prosocial behavior

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