biology final exam study

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C⁶H¹²O⁶+C0⁶——>6CO²+6H²O+38 ATP

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO²+6H²O——>6CO²+6H²O

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

To break down nutrients (glucose) to make ATP (energy)

What is step one of aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolisis

What is glycolisis?

Glucose is broken down without oxygen to make 2 ATP

Where is glycolisis?

Cytosol

What is the 2nd step of aerobic cellular respiration?

Krebs cycle

What is the krebs cycle

Co² is made, +2 ATP

Where is the krebs cycle?

Mitochondria

What is the 3rd step of aerobic cellular respiration?

Electron Transport Cycle

What is the electron transport system?

Makes water, +34 ATP

Where is the electron transport system?

Mitochondria

What does aerobic need that anaerobic doesn't?

Oxygen

Does aerobic or anaerobic undergo lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?

Anaerobic

What stage do both aerobic and anaerobic undergo?

Glycolysis

What happens when ATP converts to ADP?

Energy gets released

A very unstable molecule that can store energy?

ATP

The total amount of ATP made during aerobic cellular respiration

About 38

The main function of photosynthesis

To make food (glucose)

Sun is converted to what during photosynthesis?

Chemical energy

Where does light reaction happen?

Thylakoid

What happens during light reaction?

Sunlight is absorbed

Where does the Calvin cycle happen?

Chloroplast

What is teh Calvin Cycle?

Energy from light reaction is used to make sugar in the stroma

Where is sugar from the Calvin cycle made?

Stroma

Why is the mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell?

It produces ATP (energy) to power basic cellular activity

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

They have the same formula accept in opposite orders

What is the role of chlorophyll?

Absorbs light in order to undergo photosynthesis

What is the role of the thylakoid?

Light energy is turned into chemical energy

What is the role of the stroma?

Where the Calvin cycle happens, makes simple sugars (glucose) for CO² using energy from light reactions

What is the role of chloroplasts?

Where photosynthesis occurs, turning sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose

Sister chromatids move apart

Telophase

Nuclear membrane fades away

Prophase

A new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes

Tellophase

Cytoplasm is divided

Anaphasd

Chromatin is found in the nucleus

Interphase

Chromosomes are lined up at the equator or center of the cell

Metaphase

Spindle fibers disappear

Tellophase

Animal cells pinch in

Anaphase

Spindle fiber is formed

Anaphase

Chromosomes line up at the equator

Anaphase

Chromosomes are not visible

Interphase

Cytokenisis begins

Tellophase

Cellular plate in PLANTS begins to form

Interphase

The reverse of prophase

Telophase

Ehat phase does the cell begins to split and daughter cells first become visible

Cytokenisis

What phase do centromeres divide and chromosomes move to their respective poles

Prophase

What phase does chromatin condense to form chromosomes

Telophase

What is the name of the structure that connects the two sister chromatids

Centromere

What is each half of a chromosome called

Chromatids

What is the step of cell division where a single cell has two nuclei

Telophase

What phase occurs when the cell is preparing to divide so it grows making organelles and copying dna

Interphase

What forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase

Cell plate

What is the division of the cytoplasm called

Anaphase

During what phase do chromosomes line up in the middle

Metaphase

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

What is mitosis

The division of cells to produce more cells

What is an independent variable

Doesn’t change based on another variable

What is a dependent variable

Changes based on another variable

What is qualative data

Descriptive data such as color or size

What is quantities data

Data based on statistics and numbers such as weight or temp

One of the eight characteristics of life: Made of _____

CELLS

One of the eight characteristics of life: _____ and _______

Grows and develops

One of the eight characteristics of life: able to ______

Reproduce

One of the eight characteristics of life: requires ______

Energy

One of the eight characteristics of life: Maintains ______

Homestasis

One of the eight characteristics of life: responds to ____

Stimuli

One of the eight characteristics of life: Contains _____

Genetic material (DNA)

If the eyepiece is in 10x magnification what is the total magnification

100

What is relationship between field of vision and increasing magnification

Increasing magnification decreases field of vision

When is the only time you should use coarse adjustment on a microscope and why

When its in low power so it doesn’t damage the lens

What is ecology?

The study of ecosystems

What is an abiotic factor

A non-livijg factor such as the sun

What is a biotic factor

A living factor such as plants or animals

How can immigration, emmigration, natality, and mortality effect a population

It can change the size of the population

Define a population

A group of the same species living together

Define a community

A group of multiple species or populatios living together

Define an ecosystem

Communities plus the physical environment

Define biome

Large areas containing multiple different ecosystems

Define biosphere

Life containing part of earth like land or ocean

What is at the bottom of the pyramid of an ecosystem

Primary producer

What is 2nd on the ecosystem pyramid

Primary consumers

What is 3rd on the ecosystem pyramid

Secondary consumers

What is on top of the ecosystem pyramid

Tertiary consumers

What is an autotroph

Any organism that produces its own food such as plants

What is a heterotroph

Any organism that does not produce its own food

What is an herbivore

Organisms that only eat plants

What is an omnivore

Eats plants and hunts/eats other organisms

What is a carnivore

Eats only other organisms, not plants

What is a decomposer

Breaks down bodies of other dead organisms

What us a scavenger

Eats the bodies of other dead organisms

What is mutualism

A symbiotic relationship where two organisms both benefit from each other

What is commensalism

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one is benefitted and one is unaffected

What is parasitism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed

What is competition

A symbiotic relationship between organisms who have to compete over a shared necessity to survive

What is predator-prey

A symbiotic relationship where one organism relies on hunting or killing another to survive

How does carrying capacity control an ecosystem

It limits the amount of organisms able to survive in the ecosystem

The purpose of the pond infusion was to study what?

Succession and population

What is a density dependant factor

Effects that happen or change based on population such as competition

What is a density independent

Effects that happen regardless of population such as natural disasters