IB Psychology Sociocultural

Social Identity Theory (SIT)

Identity formed from group memberships.

Ingroup

Groups individuals identify with, like family or teams.

Outgroup

Groups individuals do not belong to.

Social Categorisation

Arranging people into groups by characteristics.

Social Comparison

Comparing oneself to others, favorably or unfavorably.

Downward Comparison

Comparing to less successful individuals.

Upward Comparison

Comparing to more successful individuals.

Homogeneity of Outgroup

Viewing outgroup as identical and indistinct.

Positive Distinctiveness

Seeing ingroup as unique and varied.

Ingroup Favouritism

Preference for one's own group over others.

Prejudice

Negative attitudes towards outgroups.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment based on group membership.

Tajfel et al. (1971)

Study showing ingroup favouritism from random assignment.

Howarth (2002)

Study on social identity affected by prejudice.

Cognitive Energy

Mental effort required to process information.

Stereotypes

Oversimplified beliefs about a group.

Identity Formation

Development of self-concept through group affiliations.

Group Memberships

Belonging to various social groups.

Social Identity

Self-concept derived from group associations.

Negative Characteristics

Unfavorable traits attributed to outgroups.

Team Support

Example of ingroup favouritism in sports.

Cultural Identity

Identity based on cultural group membership.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

Developed by Bandura, incorporates cognition in learning.

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Learning occurs in a social context through observation.

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others' behaviors and outcomes.

ARRM

Components of observational learning: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation.

Attention

Noticing the behavior of role models.

Retention

Remembering the observed behavior for future use.

Reproduction

Imitating the behavior that was observed.

Motivation

Desire to repeat the observed behavior.

Role Models

Key figures influencing a child's learning process.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to control outcomes.

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction of individual, environment, and behavior shapes outcomes.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning through observing rewards received by others.

Stereotype

Set of traits attributed to social or cultural groups.

Cognitive Misers

Using stereotypes to simplify complex social information.

Prejudice

Negative attitudes towards individuals based on stereotypes.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment of individuals based on group characteristics.

Illusory Correlation

Perceived relationship between two variables that doesn't exist.

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming negative stereotypes affecting performance.

Cognitive Approach

Focus on mental processes in understanding behavior.

Behavioral Outcomes

Results of interactions between individual and environment.

Social Environment

Surroundings influencing an individual's behavior and learning.

Stereotype Formation

Process of creating stereotypes based on biased information.

Stereotype Threat

Performance impairment due to fear of stereotypes.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Beliefs about oneself lead to confirming outcomes.

Deep Culture

Underlying attitudes and values shaping daily life.

Surface Culture

Observable behaviors and customs of a culture.

Etic Approach

Universal truths derived from one culture's perspective.

Imposed Etic

Applying one culture's standards to another culture.

Emic Approach

Understanding behavior from within a specific culture.

Cultural Relativism

Behavior explained only by cultural insiders.

Spencer et al. (1999)

Study linking stereotype threat to gender differences in math.

Stereotype Examples

Overweight people are jolly; women are caring.

Cultural Change

Culture evolves with time and social influences.

Socialization

Process by which individuals learn cultural norms.

Cultural Norms

Agreed rules and customs within a group.

Bi-Directional Culture

Culture influences individuals and vice versa.

Cultural Products

Items or ideas resulting from socialization.

Cultural Influence

Culture shapes individual behavior and development.

Stereotype Limitations

Stereotypes restrict individual differences within groups.

Cultural Research Bias

Western-centric studies misrepresent global behaviors.

Cultural Customs

Practices unique to a specific culture.

Stereotype Awareness

Knowing stereotypes can affect performance negatively.

Cultural Habits

Routine behaviors shaped by cultural background.

Cultural Norm Examples

Beliefs in life after death, sacred cows.

Conformity

Adjusting behaviors to align with group norms.

Conformity

Behavior influenced by majority group norms.

Majority Influence

Conformity driven by the larger group's behavior.

Minority Influence

Less common conformity from smaller groups.

Social Influence

Change in behavior due to others' actions.

Obedience

Following orders from a legitimate authority.

Normative Social Influence

Conforming to fit in and belong.

Informational Social Influence

Conforming due to perceived group knowledge.

Collectivist Culture

Group priorities over individual interests.

Individualistic Culture

Individual autonomy prioritized over group needs.

Cultural Dimensions

Framework for comparing cultural behaviors.

Hofstede's Survey

Global study on cultural attitudes via questionnaires.

Long-term Orientation

Valuing persistence for future achievements.

Short-term Orientation

Focus on immediate results and gains.

Cohesive Attitudes

Shared beliefs that unify group members.

Loss of Identity

Diminished personal beliefs due to group pressure.

Cultural Differences

Variations in behavior based on cultural context.

Group Harmony

Prioritizing consensus over individual beliefs.

Tragedy of Conformity

Dangerous outcomes from ignoring personal instincts.

Cultural Norms

Accepted behaviors within a specific culture.

Group Consensus

Agreement among group members on behavior.

IBM Survey

Study involving 60,000 employees across 50 countries.

Country Comparison Tool

Online resource for comparing cultural dimensions.

Revised Dimensions

Cultural dimensions updated to reflect new findings.

Cultural Restraint

Extent to which culture enjoys pleasures versus denial.

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Framework for understanding cultural differences globally.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data collected from large-scale surveys.

Temporal Validity

Research relevance over time; updated findings.

Reductionism

Simplifying complex behaviors into rigid categories.

IBM Employee Sample

Sample used in Hofstede's research, not fully representative.

Collectivist Cultures

Cultures prioritizing group goals over individual goals.

Individualistic Cultures

Cultures emphasizing personal independence and self-reliance.

Smith & Bond Study

Research indicating higher conformity in collectivist cultures.

Levine & Norenzayan Study

Research showing pace of life differences by culture.