Chinese history

tribute system

countries respect. china and send gifts for recogniion and protection

china ensuring peaceful nation but sometimes involved violence

investiture model

tributary system traded on the stability and recognition by investing to Chinese

new qing perspective of tribute system

changed over time and worked differently for each countries

bianjiang study

cultural, racial, political BIG DIFFERENCE between “Civilization“ and “Barbarians“

transnational history lens

peaceful hegemonic stability (いつもChineseがTOP)

tianxia system

天下

Geographical, psychological, institutionally China was TOP. and CENTER

Ming Qing transition

Han Chinese Ming Dynasty was replaced by BARBARIAN manchu dynasty

→ this lost respect because countries like Korea thought theyre are paying tribute to Barbarians

but tributary system extended

confucian value

showed hierachy by costume and gesture

cultural understsanding

emissaries

使者

send to imperial (皇帝) capital

send message/edict (命令)

Kowtow

ritual gestures

confucian world view

aspiration to civilization

頭を下げること

zheng chenggong

fought the dutch and spanish during ming resistance against manchu

sinicization

other countries follow Chinese culture during reign of Qianlong Emperor

increased trading connection

porcelain (陶石) export

Canton system

• 中国）が西欧との貿易を限定的に管理するために実施した貿易制限システム

• european art

• GLOBALIZED COURT CULTURE

global connection

russian empire treaties 

treaty of nerchinsk and kiakhta

influence on Chinese imperial court

jesuit missionaries from france, italy and portugal

counter reformation and enlightment

China liked Catholic European knowledge in astronomy and mathmatics

french philosophy was called “enlightened despotism“

tibetan and mongolian tribute emissaries

came to capital

religious, philosophical, cultural interconnections

Sadae

Korea

policy posture towards chinese empire

ゴマスリ

secured good relations with china 

sometimes military service

Joseon dynasty respect china

used it for western too

→ make korea “near civilization“

→ made qing less friendly

Sakoku

japan closing outsider because of external crisis (christian missionary and political imperatives)

trade was still going on China tribute too

europe too

Japan and Korea

they copied the way chinese does tribute with other countries