Bio Unit 2 - Homeostasis and Body Systems

Homeostasis

A state of relatively stable equality throughout different body processes/parts.

Negative Feedback

Also called feedback inhibition, this is a way the body regulates homeostasis, and it does this by counteracting the original stimulus (eg. cold body begins to shiver).

Positive Feedback

A way the body regulates homeostasis, and it does this by amplifying the original stimulus (eg. body promotes contractions during pregnancy to push baby out).

Cells

The basic building blocks of life and also are the smallest living unit that exists.

Tissue

A structure that is formed from cells, and when multiple of these are combined together, they form an organ.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that servers as a barrier for protection from harmful outside materials.

Connective Tissue

Flexible tissue that connects parts of a body to another, like tendons or ligaments.

Muscular Tissue

Tissue that allows bodily movement and motion.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that transports nerve signals from one cell to another in the body, and is mostly found in the brain.

Organ

A group of tissues that are formed together to perform specific functions of the body.

Organ System

Organs that are connected throughout the body to perform numerous functions. Many of these make an organism.

Circulatory System

Body system that transports items to and from the cells, and includes: heart, blood, arteries/veins/capillaries.

Heart

The major muscle of the circulatory system, and has 4 chambers. It pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, and then transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

Arteries

Blood vessel that moves blood from the heart to the cells.

Veins

Blood vessel that moves blood from the cells to the heart.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels that get blood to/from each individual cell

Digestive System

Body system that breaks down food into molecules that can be passed into the body/cells.

Mouth

The first stop of the digestive system, and includes two types of digestion: mechanical and chemical.

Mechanical Digestion

Chewing food to break it down.

Chemical Digestion

Breaking down food by releasing enzymes, like amylase (saliva)

Esophagus

The second stop of the digestive system, it is a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

Stomach

The third stop of the digestive system, it churns and mixes food. Then it breaks it down even further because of acids.

Small Intestine

The fourth stop of the digestive system, it is where most of chemical digestion occurs.

Large Intestine

The final stop of the digestive system, it removes water from digested food and removes waste out the body.

Respiratory System

Body system that supplies the oxygen from outside the body into the circulatory system.

Respiratory System Sequence

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, aveoli (in order of first to last).

Nervous System

Body system that coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the sensory/motor nerves all over the body.

Brain

A large mass of nerve cells located in the cranium.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for learning, intelligence, and judgment.

Cerebellum

The small part of the brain that coordinated movement and balance.

Spinal Cord

The cord in the nervous system that carries information (nerve impulses) between the body and brain. It is also the reflex center.

Lymphatic/Immune System

Body system whose purpose is to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body .

First Line of Defense

Prevents pathogens from entering the body. It includes skin, hairs, and sneezing/coughing.

Second Line of Defense

Inflammatory response that occurs when body cells are damaged.

Third Line of Defense

Distinguishes between different pathogens, with Helper T-Cells and Memory B-Cells.

Integumentary System

Body system that forms the outer covering of the body and protects internal organs.

Skin

The largest organ of the body, and has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Endocrine System

Body system that involves the production of hormones that regulate homeostasis, growth and development, and metabolism.

Excretory/Urinary System

Body system that removes waste from the kidneys to the bladder. It includes: two kidneys, ureters, bladder and the urethra.

Skeletal System

Body system that provides internal support for the body, protection for internal systems, mineral storage, and production of blood cells.

Muscular System

Body system that provides movement and additional support for the body. It includes three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that is attached to bones, has both involuntary and voluntary, and have a striped appearance

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs and the blood vessels

Cardiac Muscle

Muscles that have one nucleus, striated, and have involuntary control