Exam 3 - Classifications

Arousal

Continuum in state of consciousness/awareness

Attention

Continuum in ability to focus consciousness/awareness

Perception

Recog. of relevant dimension of sensory stimuli

Memory

Ability to store/retrieve info over varying time periods

Reasoning

Ability to draw conclusions through logical thinking

Neurological basis of Speech, Lg, Cog.

1. Arousal

2. Attention

3. Perception

4. Memory

5. Reasoning

Listening/Aud comprehension

Area #40, 49; Hearing + understanding message

Speaking/Expressive lg.

• Retrieve concept idea + aud. image/word

• Connect circuit

• Program message + word

Neuro-Ling. Model

1. Listening/Aud comprehension

2. Speaking/expressive lg.

3. Speech circuit

Aphasia

Verbal comm + multi-modal disorder caused by cerebral damage

2 Major Aphasia approaches

1. Unidimensional

2. Multidimensional

Unidimensional Approach

• 1 lg. component

• Degree of severity

• 1 therapy type

Multidimensional Approach

• Multiple lg. components

• Dependent on lesion’s size + location

• Diff methods required for diff aphasia types

Alt. Approaches

1. Holistic

2. Localizationist

3. Connectionistic

Expressive aphasia

Damage anteriorly (#44) / Broca’s

• Non fluent

• Verbal difficultly

• Struggles + hesitancies

Receptive aphasia

Posterior lesions / Wernicke’s

• Fluent

• String of words

• Comprehension problems

Broca’s aphasia (#44): Comprehension

• Better reception, but not normal

• Predominantly expressive

• Upper ½ of comprehension

Broca’s aphasia: Nonfluent

• Slower programming

• Affected, effortful stop + start

• Short sentences

Broca’s aphasia: AOS

• Slow initiation

• Slow rate

• Phoneme selection problems

• Poor transitions

Broca’s aphasia: Agrammatism

• Telegraphic speech

• Economy of effort

Broca’s aphasia: Reading/Writing

• Mirrors oral lg./speech

• Writing least used lg. modalities (and developed last)

• Reading is a translation from visual to aud modality

Broca’s aphasia: Poor repetition

• Better imitative behavior

• Apraxia shows with command + imitations

• Real objects improve naming

Broca’s aphasia: Associated problems

1. Emotions - depression

2. Motor - #4 unilateral lesion, arm paralysis

3. No visual problems

4. Oral apraxia #44

5. Limb apraxia #6

Wernicke’s aphasia (#22): Description

• Secondary association area

• Linked more to sensory

• Incoming aud stimuli linked to other brain areas

Wernicke’s aphasia: Funcs.

• Fluent, not normal

• Poor comprehension

• Poor reading, writing

• 60+ yeas old

Area #22: Aud. Verbal Comprehension