Julissa's SET FOR US HISTORY!!!

Great Depression

economic hard times that lasted from 1929-1940s

Consumerism

Large purchasing of material goods.

Buying on Margin

Taking out a loan to invest in the stock market.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed

Hoovers Plan

Economy will work itself out

soup kitchens

set up by as a relief to help feed the poor, unemployed

Hoovervilles

nickname for the homeless communities

Hoboes

Traveled around the states looking for jobs

FDR's Plan

Relief programs, more government spending

New Deal

Roosevelt's plan to get people back to work

Alphabet Soup Programs

nickname for FDR's public works programs.

Social Security act

provides disability insurance and unemployment insurance

Dust Bowl

severe drought that worsened the Depression for people in the midwest

Red Scare

A fear of communism emerged. Fueled by (1) the recent Russian revolution, (2) Eugene Debs growing numbers, (3) strikes. Leads to anti-foreignism

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants accused of murder. anarchists- utopida without government intervention

Ku Klux Klan

Against Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalists, revolutionists, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, and birth control.
pro-white Anglo-Saxon protestant
numerical peak during the 20's—about 5 million members

Emergency Quota Act

1921 cut the number of immigrants who could enter America to 3% of their nationality's U.S. population in 1910.

Immigration Act

In 1924, the Immigration Act sliced the number down to 2% of a group's U.S. population in 1890. (New Immigrants out, Old Immigrants in).
No Japanese immigrants.
Canadians and Latin Americans were not included in the law.

Problems with prohibition

not enough people to enforce
speakeasies
bootlegging
gangs

Immigrants effect labor unions

employers used racial difference to keep unions from getting stronger

Horace Kallen

keep old world traditions

Randolph Bourne

trans-nationality in america

Al Capone

bootlegging, public enemy #1, Chicago

Racketeering

"protection money"

Lindbergh Laws

make interstate childhood abduction punishable by death

John Dewey

"learn by doing" influential American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer. He believed in experiential learning, where education should be based on real-life experiences and problem-solving.

Scopes Trial

Evolution v. Fundamentalism

Charles Darrow

defended Scopes

William Jennings Bryan

lead prosecution

Nickelodeons

5 cent theaters

Movies

1st used as anti-german propaganda
now actors are highly paid

1920 census

more people live in urban than rural

Margaret Sanger

birth control movement

flappers

women who go against traditional terms

Modernists

God is a "good guy, in a chummy place

Sigmund Freud

helps flappers; sexual repression causes nervous and emotional ills

Modern art

surrealism, cubism, dadaism

Harlem Renaissance

racial pride
Langston Hughes- poetry

Marcus Garvey

United Negro Improvement Association
instill more black pride

Zora Hurston

"New Negro" She portrayed racial struggles in the early-20th-century American South and published research on hoodoo.

Signs of financial disaster

banks failing, natural disasters, investors losing money

1921 Bureau of the Budget

Andrew Mellon- in favor of low taxes : Problems with high taxes; rich invest in tax exempt securities, less revenue

Frederick Taylor

promoted efficiency in production

national womens party

equal rights

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement led by protestant ministers that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Austrailian ballot system

A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Developed in Australia in the 1850s, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to counteract boss rule. (SECRET BALLOT)

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Lochner v. New York (1905)

A setback for progressivists, it was ruled in this case that a law enforcing a 10-hour work day for bakers was unconstitutional.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

(1911) 146 women killed while locked into the burning building (brought attention to poor working conditions)

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle heightened public awareness of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. Public pressure forced a reluctant Congress to consider a Meat Inspection bill in 1906 which laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing State lines. Changed the face of health care and food safety legislation in America from that point on.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Site of a controversial dam built to supply San Francisco with water and power in the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake. The dam was built over the objections of preservationists such as John Muir.

Panic of 1907

A short financial panic in 1907 that caused "runs" on banks, suicides, and criminal indictments against speculators. Some in the financial world blamed President Roosevelt for his progressive reforms, such as corporate regulation, income taxes, and worker protections.

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

A policy for "substituting dollars for bullets" by William Howard Taft. It would link American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad without force, but with investments.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company

This 1904 book exposed the monpolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker novel.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

An African-American woman who achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Frances E. Willard (1839-1898)

This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage, while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work.

Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)

A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, he was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources,

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leading figures in the women's rights movement

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax (16th Amendment)

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

Progressive reform from 1913 that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by voters; previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures.

League of Women Voters (LWV)

Successor to the National American Woman Suffrage Association, it promoted women's role in politics and dedicated itself to educating voters

19th Amendment (1920)

prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting,

Eighteenth Amendment

"Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Plessey versus Ferguson

Supreme Court Case upholds segregation as legal using the rule of: separate but equal

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Yellow Journalism

False or exaggerated reporting

Rough Riders

Group of actors, cowboys, Native Americans, college students, athletes, and ex-cops who were led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish American War

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred.

USS Maine

Ship that exploded in Havana, Cuba killing 260 Americans.

Progressives

Reformers who worked to stop unfair business practices and to improve the way the government worked

Muckrakers

writers who uncovered shameful conditions in business and other areas of American life

Conservation (U.S. National Park Systems)

Protecting something natural from being used up or destroyed. Teddy established a system of parks.

jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Teddy Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.

Pulitzer and Hearst

Rival newspaper publishers who used yellow journalism to sell papers

De Lome Letter

The Spanish ambassador insults President McKinley in this document; accused America of being weak.