Cognitive Neuro - Ch 3

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Neuroscience

31 Terms

1

Posner task

Task: participants decide if two letters are in the same category

Effect: longer RT for accessing more abstracted representations

Main idea: different response times reflect degrees of processing required

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2

Stroop task

Task: subjects instructed to name the color of a word

Effect: slower to name colors for mismatched colors and words

Main idea: task-irrelevant information interferes with processing

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3

serial processing

sequential, “step-by-step” processing

slow, recognizes bottlenecks

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4

parallel processing

simultaneous processing

faster, requires effective resource allocation

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5

Steinberg memory paradigm

Task: identify if a “probe” letter was part of a set of letters

Effect: RT increases with number of items, no difference for “yes” or “no”

Main idea: comparison process acts in a sequential manner

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6

Word superiority: serial vs. parallel

Task: decide which of two target letters were embedded in a word, nonsense string, or surrounded by Xs

Effect: most accurate when identifying target embedded in a word

Main idea: context affects performance - we activate individual letters and words in parallel

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7

Shephard Mental Rotation

Task: asked whether two (rotated) images match

Effect: RT increases with amount of rotation needed

Main idea: takes time to form a mental image and perform transformations

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8

parametric manipulation

varying the amount of a given process

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9

cognitive subtraction

add or remove a process from the processing stream

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10

Donder’s Method

Task: hit a button in response to a light under various conditions

Effect: RT increases with number of processes executed

Main idea: processes are additive

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11

causal methods

“poking” the brain - interrupting or modifying brain function to see what happens (lesioning, transcranial magnetic stimulation)

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12

correlational methods

“listening” to the brain (fMRI, EEG, single-unit recordings)

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13

stroke

disruption to blood flow in the brain; damage at specific anatomical locations

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14

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

often result from accidents or blows to the head, can cause physical damage and may lead to long-term impairments

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15

neurodegenerative disorders

progressive conditions characterized by gradual loss of neurons and brain function; widespread brain damage

examples: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s

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16

single dissociation

patient group shows impairment on one task, but not another

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17

double dissociation

one patient group shows impairment on one task, second patient group shows impairment on a separate task

provides stronger evidence for selective impairment than single dissociation

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18

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

causal method

implantation of electrodes in the brain and delivering of electrical impulses to modulate neural activity in targeted areas

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19

optogenetics

causal method

uses light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels, precise control of neuronal activity

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20

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

causal method

utilizes magnetic fields to induce electrical currents in specific brain areas, non-invasive modulation of neuronal activity

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21

electrophysiology

correlational method

records electrical activity from individual neurons or groups of neuron at a highly detailed level

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22

electrocorticography (ECoG)

captures electrical activity from surface of the brain using electrodes on the cortex, high spatial and temporal resolution

used to identify epileptic zones, map critical brain functions

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23

electroencephalography (EEG)

measures electrical activity through the scalp, noninvasive

used to diagnose epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain activity in response to tasks

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24

Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

brain responses tied to specific sensory, cognitive, or motor events; insight into brain function and timing

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25

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

detects magnetic fields produced by neuronal electrical activity, allows for noninvasive study of brain function with good spatial, excellent temporal resolution

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26

computed tomography (CT)

uses X-rays to create detailed images of the brain

used to diagnose injuries, tumors, structural abnormalities

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27

positron emission technology (PET)

visualizes metabolic processes in the brain by detecting radioactive tracers, useful for studying brain function and disorders

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28

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

provides high-resolution images of the brain’s structure and anatomy using magnetic fields and radio waves, no exposure to ionizing radiation

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29

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

type of MRI that maps diffusion of water molecules in brain tissue, reveals microstructural organization of white matter

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30

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, offers insight into brain’s functional areas during tasks or rest

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31

BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) signal

detected in fMRI, reflects changes in blood oxygenation

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