Amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids

Essential amino acids

cannot be synthesized by the body, must be taken by diet

Semi-essential amino acids

Can be synthesized by the body in small amounts, should be take. by diet

Non-essential amino acids

body can synthesize

Peptide formation

Formed between carboxyl and amino group of a-L-amino acids via peptide bond by the elimination of water

Levels of protein structure

primary structure

secondary structure - alpha helix/pleated sheathes

tertiary structure

quaternary structure

purine nucleobases

Adenine, guanine

Pyramidine nucleobases

Cytosine, Thymine, uracil

Nucleosides

consists of a nucleobase and ribose

Nucleotides

consists of nucleoside and phosphate group

Nucleic acids

bio polymers consisting of nucleotides

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Sugars and phosphates are connected to each other in an alternating chain through phosphodiester bonds

mRNA

Carries information about a protein sequence to ribosomes.

mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes.

rRNA

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes.

several ribosomes can be attached to a single mRNA

tRNA

small RNA chain about 80 nucleotides that transfers a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.