BISC 130 - Chapter 11: Sexual Reproduction

What is the primary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction results in more diverse offspring, increasing the likelihood of survival.

What process is used to produce haploid cells from diploid cells?

Meiosis.

In sexual reproduction, what does the combination of sperm and egg produce?

A diploid zygote.

What is the difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes?

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, while homologous chromosomes carry the same genes but may have different sequences.

What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis?

Chromosomes condense, the nucleus breaks down, and tetrads form through synapsis.

What is crossing over, and why is it important?

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1, which increases genetic variation.

What do we call the cells produced after meiosis 1?

Haploid cells with replicated DNA.

How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis 2?

Four haploid cells.

After cytokinesis following meiosis 1, what type of cells do we have?

Haploid cells with replicated DNA.

What are the phases of meiosis 2?

Prophase II, Prometaphase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis.

How does the orientation of tetrads during metaphase 1 affect genetic variation?

The random orientation of tetrads leads to different combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells, increasing genetic variability.

What is the role of germ cells in meiosis?

Germ cells are responsible for undergoing meiosis to produce haploid sperm and egg cells.

What is the significance of the PPMAT sequence in meiosis?

PPMAT refers to the stages of cell division in meiosis, analogous to those in mitosis, but with key differences in prophase and metaphase.

What happens during anaphase 1 of meiosis?

The tetrads are pulled apart, while sister chromatids remain together.

What is a tetrad in the context of meiosis?

A structure formed during prophase 1, consisting of two homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids, for a total of four chromatids.

What is the outcome of meiosis?

The outcome is four genetically distinct haploid cells.