APUSH Period 2 AMSCO Vocabulary

are these all the words or are there more

Corporate Colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies (like Jamestown in it’s early days).

Royal colonies

Colonies under the direct rule and authority of the Crown.

Proprietary colonies

Colonies under the control of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

Jamestown (1607)

Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. It marked a significant moment in European colonization efforts and played a crucial role in the early interactions between Native Americans and Europeans, shaping future relations and colonial strategies.

Captain John Smith

John Smith was an English soldier, explorer, and author known for his role in the establishment of the Jamestown colony in Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in 1607. He led the first five years after establishment. His leadership and experiences played a crucial role in navigating the challenges of early colonial life and interactions with Native Americans, shaping the future of European colonization in the region.

Headright System

The headright system allowed landowners to purchase fifty acres of land for every immigrant whose journey they sponsored. The system lasted from 1618 to 1700. It was implemented primarily in Virginia as a means to encourage settlement and labor supply, especially during the early years of Jamestown's establishment. By incentivizing individuals to transport workers, including indentured servants, the headright system played a crucial role in shaping the demographic and economic landscape of early colonial Virginia.

Plymouth Colony/Separatists (Pilgrims)

Pilgrim Separatists were a group of English Protestants in the early 17th century who sought to break away from the Church of England, seeking religious freedom and a more puritanical form of worship. Their desire for independence led them to migrate to North America, where they founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, significantly impacting the religious landscape and the establishment of the New England region.

Massachusetts Bay Colony/Puritans

Puritans were a religious group in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from Catholic practices, emphasizing a strict interpretation of the Bible and personal piety. They established the Massachusetts Bay Colony—an English settlement established in 1630 in an attempt to create a 'city upon a hill' as a model of Christian living.

John Winthrop

Governor John Winthrop was a key figure in the early colonial history of America, serving as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1630 to 1649. He played a crucial role in shaping the colony's political and religious landscape, famously envisioning it as a 'city upon a hill' that would serve as a model for others.

Great Migration

A religious migration where English Puritans, seeking religious freedom and to establish a reformed society, moved to North America, primarily to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The largest wave occurred between the 1630s and 1640s. John Winthrop led this which established significant Puritan communities in New England and laid the foundation for future religious and social developments in the colonies. 

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founded Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Maryland Act of Toleration

Enacted in 1649, it was the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. However, it also called for the death of anyone who didn’t believe in Jesus.

New England (region)

The New England Colonies were a group of British colonies located in the northeastern part of North America, primarily established in the early 17th century. This region, which included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, was characterized by its Puritanical roots, a focus on community and religion, and an economy based on small-scale farming, fishing, ship-building and trade. It had rocky terrain and harsh climates.

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who was banished from Massachusetts for advocating for the separation of church. He established Rhode Island in 1636 as a religiously free colony and recognized Native American rights.

Anne Hutchinson

Believed in antinomianism (idea that individuals receive salvation through faith and not rules) and was banished from Massachusetts as a result. She and Roger Williams joined their colonies Portsmouth and Providence into Rhode Island.

Halfway Covenant

Allowed people to become partial members of the Puritan church as a way to address the decreasing piety among new Puritans and to maintain the church’s power.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania (1682) as a refuge for Quakers; representative assembly and full religious freedom

Quakers

Quakers, or the Religious Society of Friends, is a Christian denomination known for its pacifism, belief in the inner light of every individual, and commitment to social justice

James Oglethorpe/Georgia

James Oglethorpe was an English general, philanthropist, and the founder of the colony of Georgia in 1732. He is best known for his vision of creating a colony that would provide a fresh start for debtors and the poor, offering opportunities for land ownership and self-sufficiency in the southern region of the British colonies. Georgia had strict bans on slavery and rum and was also established as a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and British South Carolina.

Virginia House of Burgesses

Virginia's House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in 1619.

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact was an agreement signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, establishing a form of self-governance for their new settlement in Plymouth. This document is significant because it represented one of the first attempts at a social contract in the New World, laying the groundwork for future democratic principles and self-rule among the colonies.

Triangular Trade

Thee three-part transatlantic trade system that involved Europe, Africa, and the Americas, where European manufactured goods were traded for enslaved Africans, who were then transported to the Americas via the Middle Passage to produce raw materials like sugar and tobacco, which were shipped back to Europe.

Mercantilism

Economic system where a nation became wealthy by exporting more than it imported (accumulating precious metals like gold and silver).

Navigation Acts

Series of laws in the 17th century from England that regulated colonial trade and let England collect taxes from the colonies. These laws mandated that certain goods produced in the colonies could only be shipped to England or English colonies, establishing a mercantilist system that benefited the British economy while restricting colonial economic independence.

Salutary neglect

The unofficial British policy where parliamentary rules and laws were loosely or not enforced on the American colonies and trade

Dominion of New England

A short-lived administrative union of colonies in British North America, created by King James II to centralize royal control over the colonies by consolidating them under a single royal governor, Sir Edmund Andros

Glorious Revolution

Replaced King James II with William and and Mary; uprisings in New York and Maryland against royal governors led to overthrow of the Dominion of New England, which was the central authority imposed by England and the Colonies

Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

An armed conflict in 1675–1678 between a group of indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands against the English New England Colonies and their indigenous allies.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was fueled by discontent among frontier settlers who felt neglected by the colonial government regarding protection from Native American attacks. The rebellion resulted in the burning of Jamestown, the capital of Virginia, demonstrating the extent of resistance against colonial authority. In response to the rebellion, the colonial government shifted its focus towards African slavery as a more controllable labor source, laying groundwork for institutionalized racism.

Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion)

The Pueblo Revolt was the most successful Native American uprising against European colonizers in North America, resulting in a temporary expulsion of Spanish settlers from New Mexico. The revolt was led by Popé, who united various Pueblo tribes by leveraging shared grievances against Spanish oppression and promoting a return to traditional religious practices.

Indentured Servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for their labor for 4-7 years

First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a religious revival movement that swept through the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, characterized by fervent expressions of faith, emotional preaching, and a focus on personal piety.

Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards was a prominent American theologian and preacher in the 18th century, best known for his role in the First Great Awakening. He emphasized a personal and emotional connection to faith, which played a significant role in shaping colonial society and culture by fostering intense religious experiences and debates over salvation and morality. He is known for his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”.

George Whitefield

A prominent Anglican evangelist in the 18th century, known for his powerful preaching style and significant role in the Great Awakening religious revivals in Britain and America

“Old Lights” and “New Lights”

The Old Lights were traditional, conservative ministers who rejected any form of religious revivals. The New Lights were the opposite and supported separatists and revivals. They even helped fund separatist churches.

Benjamin Franklin

Franklin was a key proponent of Enlightenment ideals, promoting concepts such as freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and scientific inquiry. He played a crucial role in various key events, including advocating for colonial unity during conflicts with Britain and contributing to the ideological foundations of the American Revolution through Enlightenment thought.

Phillis Wheatley

Phillis Wheatley's contributions to literature were groundbreaking as she became the first published African American female poet, challenging racial stereotypes through her intellect and creativity.

John Peter Zenger

John Peter Zenger, a newspaper publisher, was charged with libel for criticizing the colonial governor, William Cosby. The trial highlighted the importance of public discourse and set the stage for future discussions on the role of press in society, emphasizing that truth is a defense against libel charges.

(American) Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. It laid the groundwork for modern democracy, influencing political thought and social reforms, as well as inspiring revolutionary ideas and movements. The rise of print culture helped accelerate this and led to people moving to science than religion, leading to more innovations that changed society.

John Locke/natural rights

John Locke defined natural rights as inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property that all individuals possess inherently, regardless of government or society. He argued these rights exist in a pre-social "state of nature" and are granted by nature or God, not by any human authority. People form governments through a social contract to protect these fundamental rights, and a government that violates them can be resisted and replaced.