Unit 2- Colonists and Slavery

How did geographical, economic, and social factors contribute to the development of the 13 colonies?

Natural resources aided agriculture, trade, and transportation. Profit and resource availability drove colonization. Settlers sought religious freedom and social mobility. Diverse backgrounds influenced regional identities

Jamestown(1607)

Jamestown, was the first English settlement in North America. It became the capital of Virginia Colony. Main crop=tabacco

Plymouth(1620)

Plymouth was the first permanent colony in New England, acting as the bases for the rest of NE colonies.

Plantation colonies

Plantation colonies were established by European powers in the Americas. They focused on cultivating cash crops using slave labor. European powers created large-scale plantations to exploit resources and increase profits. This system impacted the economy, society, culture, and the transatlantic slave trade.

Headright system

It gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for their own or another person's passage to the colony. It aimed to attract new colonists and promote the settlement of Virginia. The Headright system helped expand the colony and establish large plantations.

Indentured servitude

Indentured servants worked for a set time in exchange for passage into the Americas.

Neo-European colonies

European colonies located outside of Europe. Such as the Colonies in America

Covenant

Puritans believed that god allowed them to settle into the foreign lands.

Differences between New England, middle, and southern colonies

New England: Rocky and cold climate, diverse economy, primarily Puritan, community, not big with slavery.

Middle: Fertile soil and moderate climate, agriculture and trade, larger religious diversity, diverse social structure, not big with slavery

South: Rich soil and warm climate, based on plantations/cash crops, not big with religion, hierarchical social structure, big on slavery

Proprietary colony

A proprietary colony was a settlement where land and governing rights were granted by the monarch to an individual or group. The proprietor had control over administration and policies.

Compare and contrast patterns of English, French, Dutch, and Spanish settlement

Similarities:

1. All sought economic opportunities through resource extraction and trade.

2. They encountered indigenous populations and had varying interactions and conflicts.

3. Their settlements were influenced by their home countries' politics and religion.

Differences:

1. English settlements aimed for permanent colonies, religious freedom, and prosperity.

2. French settlements focused on fur trade and alliances with Native Americans.

3. Dutch settlements prioritized trade, resulting in a diverse society.

4. Spanish settlements aimed for control and converting indigenous populations.

How did relations between Europeans and Native Americans change during 1607-1754, and why?

Initially, Europeans sought trade and cooperation. But as settlements expanded, conflicts arose over land, resources, and culture. English colonies fueled tensions and violence, leading to wars.

Metacom’s War/King Philip’s War (1675)

There were unfair laws restricting Natives, and there was also a small amount of Indians, so they were scared of being wiped out.

War lasted a year, the war destroyed Natives existence as independent people in New England.

Pueblo Revolt(1680)

Due to a drought many Natives turned back to their original methods of medicine and prayer, this angered the Spanish and lead to 3 priests being hanged and dozens more being whipped. This led to a revolt for freedom. It demonstrated the resistance of the Natives.

How did the colonies shift from a society with slaves into a slave society?

The transition to a slave society in the colonies occurred gradually due to labor demand, plantation economies, and racial ideologies. The expansion of colonies solidified slavery with supportive laws, making it a central feature.

Bacon’s Rebellion(1676)

Governor of Virginia refused to give land to the townspeople in fear of angering the Indians, poor economic situations for indentured servants.

Bacon(previous indentured servant) led a rebellion against Natives, he burned down Jamestown, and it led to a shift of slavery in Virginia because they could never be freed.

Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams.

Hutchinson held religious meetings in her home where she discussed her beliefs such as woman are equal to men, which was seen as a threat to the established church. Her actions led to her banishment from the colony and moving to Rhode Island(Roger’s colony). After her husbands death she moved to a dutch colony and soon after died by Indians

Williams was the founder of a colony in Rhode Island. He advocated for the separation of church and state and believed in religious freedom for all individuals. He also treated natives like people, purchasing land.

Middle Passage

It was a passage that brought Slaves from West Africa to the West Indies. Apart of the slave trade, brought Africans to America.

African community patterns

They lived in close-knit communities on plantations, blending various cultures due to constant importation. Constant risk of separations, beatings, and being raped. They formed close family groups.

Stono Rebellion(1739)

It was a major slave uprising in South Carolina. Enslaved Africans rebelled, seeking freedom in Spanish Florida and killing white colonists. It led to stricter laws and restrictions on enslaves peoples in South Carolina.

By 1750, had the 13 colonies become more British or more America

The colonies were becoming more British in governance, culture, and economic ties, but American identity and a desire for self-governance were also emerging.

Colonies shifting relationship with England.

American colonies grew discontent with British rule and sought greater independence. Economic grievances, political disagreements, and rising American nationalism fueled this shift.

Mercantilism

Mercantilism aimed to increase a nation's wealth and power through government intervention. It focused on trade balance, gold and silver accumulation, and establishing colonies. It influenced colonial powers' policies and laid the foundation for capitalism.

Navigation Acts

They restricted certain goods from being shipped to countries other than England or other British colonies. These acts limited colonial manufacturing and trade with other nations, leading to tension.

English Civil War

The English Civil War was a conflict between King Charles I and Parliament. People were angry with the king over his disagreements on religion and discontent over the kings economic policies. Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, won and executed Charles I in 1649, shaping the development of constitutional monarchy in England. Puritans wanted to be in charge, they failed and became more isolate

Glorious Revolution

It was a bloodless overthrow of King James II, replaced by William III and Mary II. It led to a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary sovereignty, impacting religious freedom and the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament. Lead to MA and NY becoming self governed. Greater colonial autonomy

Salutary neglect

It is a British policy of loosely enforcing colonial trade laws in the American colonies. It allowed the colonies to develop independently and govern themselves. However, stricter British control ended this policy, leading to tensions.

In what ways did colonial culture evolve in the 1700s?

colonial culture in America changed due to European immigration, Enlightenment ideas, American identity development, education expansion, and cultural blending with Native Americans and enslaved Africans.

Cultural patterns of New England, middle colonies, southern colonies

New England: Puritanism, valued education, economy based on fishing, ship building, whaling, and trade, town meetings-local governance

Middle Colonies: Religious diversity and tolerance, diverse economy, agriculture, trade, manufacturing, Phili and NYC became commerce centers.

Southern Colonies: Economy based on agriculture, tobacco, rice, slavery shaped social structure/culture dynamics, hierarchical social structure

Transportation and print revolution

The transportation and print revolutions in the 1700s greatly impacted society. They improved trade, economy, and the spread of knowledge.

Enlightenment thought

The key idea of the enlightenment was reason, logic, progress was possible, and pushing back against scientific retaliation, it sparked ideas of representative government.

First Great Awakening (1730’s - 1770’s)

The First Great Awakening was a religious revival in the American colonies. It included passionate preaching, emotional conversions, and a focus on personal piety. This resulted in new religious denominations, increased religious tolerance, and an emphasis on individualism and personal religious experience. It also impacted the development of American identity.