Boil 1030 Final Exam Study Guide Choi

biodiversity

all of the diversity/variety of life on Earth

systematics

study of evolutionary relationships between organism(s)

taxonomy

the science of naming organisms

taxon/taxa

a named group of organisms

classification

assigning organisms to meaningful, hierarchical groups (like genera or families)

phylogeny

evolutionary history of an organism(s); where things originate; ancestry

paraphyletic

Consists of an ancestral species and SOME, but not all, of its descendants

polyphyletic

Includes distinctly related species but does not include the common ancestor

monophyletic

Consists of an ancestral species AND all of its descendants

genus capitalized and species lowercase, whole thing in italics

What is the formatting for Binomial naming?

Avoid ambiguity when communicating

Accurately reflect the organism

Why is binomial naming important?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is the hierarchical classification from least specific to most specific?

According to Linnaean system: Birds fall within the Class *Aves*

and Reptiles fall within the Class *Reptilia*

According to systematics: Birds are considered a ***subgroup of Reptilia!!!***

How are birds classified in *both* Class Aves *and* Class Reptilia?

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

what are the 3 domains of life?

Prokaryotes

Domains Bacteria and Archaea are ___________ cells.

Peptidoglycan

Most bacterial cell walls contain ____________.

Gram positive

stain purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan, less structurally complex

Capsules

Dense, well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky that Serves in protecting the cell and Helps with adhering to surfaces

endospores

Thick-coated, resistant cell *within* the bacterial cell that are Made when cells are exposed to harsh conditions allows

flagella

allows for directed movement toward/away from a stimulus and Motility

Asexual reproduction

is prokaryotic reproduction sexual or asexual?

transformation

when DNA is taken up from the external environment

transduction

bacteriophages (phages) carry genetic info from one host cell to another

conjugation

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells via a sex pilus

photoautotroph

energy = light

carbon source= carbon or carbon source e

chemoautotroph

energy = inorganic chemicals

carbon source= carbon or carbon source

photoheterotroph

energy = light

carbon source= organic compounds

chemoheterotroph

energy = organic chemicals

carbon source= organic compounds

Can be seen with the naked eyes, is the largest bacterium, and is found on the coast of Namibia

What is important about Thiomargarita namibiensis?

causes stomach ulcers

What is the significance of Helicobacter pylori

symbiosis

an ecological relationship between organisms of 2 different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.

mutualism

Symbiotic relationship in which both parties benefit

parasitism

Symbiotic relationship in which one party (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed

commensalism

A symbiotic relationship in which one party benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted.

Gram negative

Stain pink, very thin layer of peptidoglycan, and more structurally complex

Eukarya

What domain do protists fall under?

Haploid

(n) = half the # of potential chromosomes

diploid

(2n) = double the # of potential chromosomes

Mitosis

1 replication + 1 division = yields identical daughter cells 

Can be n >n OR 2n>2n

meiosis

1 replication + 2 divisions = yields variety of haploiddaughter cells

gamete

haploid (n), reproductive cells. What animals form via meiosis

zygote

always the product of syngamy (fusion of 2 gametes)

syngamy

fusion of two cells together

Plasmogamy and Karyogamy

What are the 2 sub-types of syngamy?

Meiosis yields a change in chromosome number

What is the main difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

animals

Gametic meiosis example

Gametic meiosis

instead of immediately dividing meiotically to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid individual or a group of more unicellular diploid cells

fungi

Zygotic meiosis example

Zygotic meiosis

a meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyogamy, which is the fusion of two cell nuclei

plants and some algae

Sporic meiosis example

Sporic meiosis

the zygote divides mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid sporophyte

holdfast, stipe, and blade

Components of a brown algae

Heteromorphic

sporophytes and gametophytes structurally different

isomorphic

structurally same

pseudopodia

fake feet

red algae 

Rhodophyte literally means ________ __________.

green algae

Chlorophyte literally means ________ __________.

*Plasmodium* spp

What causes malaria?

Heterotroph

can’t make their own food & must obtain it from some other source

fungi

Who absorbs nutrients as opposed to ingesting them

Decomposer

break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

*Ophiocordyceps* spp

What is an example of a fungal parasite

hyphae

Network of tiny, connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus

mycelium

mass network of hyphae in a fungus

by having a maximized surface area

How can fungi prioritize energy and resources?

mycorrhizae

mutualistic association of a fungus and plant *roots*

designed for dormancy and dispersal

What are the point of spores?

Zygotic meiosis

What type of meiosis is seen in the final lifestyle?

Ascomycetes

Produce ascospores in saclike structures called asci

Basidiomycetes

Have a reproductive appendage called a basidium and Important decomposers of wood + other plant material

lichen

Symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus

sporangia

Multicellular organs of sporophyte that produce spores. Their cell walls are made of sporopollenin

apical meristems

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots that can continuously divide to increase plant’s exposure to resources

cuticle

Waterproof” covering on the epidermis of many plant species that prevents water loss and protection from microbial invaders

stomata

Specialized pores that Allows for exchange of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis and can Open/close depending on water requirements

mosses and nonvascular plants

Bryophyte quite literally means ________ __________.

xylem and phloem

Vascular plants have 2 kinds of vascular tissue called ________ and __________

gymnosperms

naked seeds

angiosperms

container, nearly 90% of living plants

liver shaped gametophytes

Phylum Hepatophyta quite literally means ________ __________.

carpet moss

Phylum Bryophyta quite literally means ________ __________.

Xylem

carries most of water and minerals with a one way flow

phloem

carries sugars, amino acids, and other organic products with a two way flow

Homosporous

“one spore”, most needles vascular plants are this

heterosporous

“different spores”, includes all seed-producing plants

Because it nourishes and protects the embryo yet can separate from the mother plant, a seed is analogous to a detachable, mobile womb

Why do seed plants make up the vast majority of plant biodiversity?

seed

An embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

seeds, reduced gametophytes, heterosporous, ovules, pollen

What are some terrestrial adaptations for seed plants?

Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are sporophyte (diploid) dominated

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants are sporophyte (diploid) dominated

Gametophyte-sporophyte relationship in seed plants

ovules

“Female” gametophyte with ovary

pollen

“Male” gametophyte held within pollen wall

Pollination

transfer of pollen to part of a seed plant containing ovules (required for fertilization)

germination

when pollen starts to grow into a pollen tube that is able to discharge sperm into female gametophyte (within ovule)

spirit meiosis

How would you describe the life cycle of a seed-producing plant?

ovulate cone

What are More complex than pollen cones, Within each megasporangium, megasporocytes undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores, and Surviving haploid megaspores > female gametophytes

pollen cones

Simpler structure than ovulate cones, Within each microsporangium, microsporocytes undergo meiosis, producing haploid microspores, and Each haploid microspore > pollen grain (contains male gametophyte)

Ginkgo biloba

What is th only surviving species of Phylum Ginkgophyta?

Phylum Cycadophyta

What phylum is the most endangered of all plant groups?

gymnosperm; conifer

Phylum Coniferophyta is the largest _____________ phylum, and it represents trees called ____________ ("to carry cones").

flowers and fruits

2 main characteristics of angiosperms