AP Human Geography Unit 6 Review

Why is industrialization accompanied by a decrease in agriculture?

The number of subsistence farmers in a country or region left the agricultural sector in favor of manufacturing jobs in new urban cities

primary sector

activities revolve around getting raw materials from the Earth

→ farming, fishing, mining

secondary sector

process raw materials into a finished product of greater value

→ taking raw corn and processing it into baby food

tertiary

services that move, sell, and trade the products made in primary and secondary activities

→ bank tellers, carpet cleaners, and fast-food workers

Quaternary sector

involves information creation and transfer

→ university researchers and investment analysis

quinary sector-economic

involve the highest level of decision making, such as decisions made by a legislature or a presidential cabinet

→ high level, government-targeted research

What did England possess a lot of that helped them industrialize first?

coal-fields

.commodification of labor

factories began looking at the human labor as commodities (objects for trade) with price tags per hour (instead of viewing workers as people)

.Fordist Method

different groups of people perform different tasks to complete the product

.division of labor

different parts of the assembly process were divided up among different workers and areas of the factory

Alfred Weber's Model

predicted where industries would located based on the places that would be the lowest cost for them

Von Thunen's Model

studied the locations of of agricultural activities .The relative costs of transporting different agricultural commodities to the central market determined the agricultural land use around a city.

Least Cost Theory

predicted where industries would locate based on the places that would be the lowest cost to them

What are some things, perhaps mistakenly, that the Weber model 'assumes?'

transportation cost is determined by the weight of the goods being shipped and the distance they are being shipped

industries are competitive and aim to minimize their costs and maximize their profits

markets are in fixed locations

labor exists only in certain places and is not mobile

the land quality and political-cultural landscape are assumed to be uniform across the model's geographic space

weight reducing

raw materials are converted into a product that is lighter that the raw materials that went into the factory

weight gaining

take raw materials and create a heavier final product (beverage bottling)

footloose industries

industries that are not restricted in where they can locate because of transportation costs

industrial capital

consists of machinery and the money to purchase the tools and workers the factory needs

substitute principal

an industry moves to a place to have better access to lower labor costs, even if transportation costs increase as a result or vice versa

agglomeration

industries clump together in the same geographic space

EX> Wall street companies

technopole

another name for a region of high tech agglomeration

locational interdependence

theory that industries choose their location based on where their competitors are located

deglomeration

the "unclumping" of factories because of the negative effects and higher costs associated with industrial overcrowding

MDCs

the wealthier side of the development spectrum

LDCs

those on the the economically poorer side of the spectrum

.GDP/GDP Per Capita

(Gross domestic product) is the value of total outputs of goods and services produced in a country over one year. GDP per capita is the GDP divided by the population

GNP

(Gross national product) includes all goods and services owned and produced by a county overseas

PPP (and example)

(Purchasing Power Parity) a measurement tool for calculating the exchange rates required for each currency to buy an equal amount of goods

.informal sector (and example!)

includes all business transactions that were not reported to the government, unregistered street vendors and day laborers

HDI

(Human Development Index) a formula used by the UN to measure a country's development level and compare it to other regions and countries on the rank-ordered list of countries

development gap

is the widening difference between development levels in MDCs and LDCs

north-south gap

the pattern that MDCs are located primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, while the LDCs are mainly in the Southern Hemisphere

Dependency Theory

MDCs are dependent upon LDCs to remain at the top of the world economy. In turn, LDCs remain dependent on MDCs for economic and financial support

.Core Countries (and know examples!)

highest per capita income and standard of living

United States

Canada

Australia

New Zealand

Japan

Western Europe

.Semi Periphery Countries (and know examples!)

Newly industrialized countries that have not yet caught up to core countries' level of development. They often have vast inequalities in standard of living among their people.

Brazil

India

China