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Tuscan
An order of architecture originating with the Etruscans, featuring slender, smooth wooden columns that sit on simple bases; no carvings on frieze or capitals
Acroteria
Sculptures in the round placed on a roof
Fresco
A painting technique that involves applying paint onto a freshly plastered wall; the paint forms a bond with the plaster and becomes durable and long-lasting
Triclinium
A dining table in ancient Italy for reclining at meals
Tumulus
burial mounds in Etruscan architecture, tumuli covered one or more subterranean multi-chambered tombs cut out of the local tufa
Necropolis
Greek: "City of the dead"; a large burial area
Tufa
A type of limestone
Patrician
A Roman aristocrat or nobleman (often a senator, but not always)
Bust
A sculpture (typically but not always a portrait) depicting a head, neck, and the upper chest
Realistic
closely resembling real life
Veristic
Hyper-realistic image; naturally occurring features
Stylized
exaggerated beyond what is realistic, we can consider it
Mosaic
Decoration using small pieces of stone, marble, or glass called tesserae that are cemented to a wall or floor
Tesserae
Small pieces of colored stone, marble, or glass used to create a mosaic
Modeling
Using light and shadow to show roundness, volume, and three-dimensionality
Orthogonals
Straight lines emanating from the vanishing point
Horizon Line
The physical line at which sky meets land
Vanishing Point
A point in the picture plane where all orthogonals intersect
Linear Perspective
The mathematical process of creating the illusion of space and depth and distance
Foreshortening
A visual effect in which an object is turned deeper into the picture plane to give the effect of receding in space
Atmospheric Perspective
The effect the atmosphere has on the appearance of an object as it is viewed from a distance (contrast decreases; co
Arcade
A row of arches
Engaged column
A column that is not freestanding and is still attached to the wall on its backside
Keystone
The center, topmost stone of an arch that holds the others in place
Voussoirs
The other stones in an arch
Barrel vault
An arch extended into space horizontally that is curved at the top
Groin vault
Two intersecting barrel vaults (can also be two pointed or ribbed vaults as shown in the bottom right image)
Cupola / Dome
A rounded, circular roof; achieved by rotating an arch 180 degrees
Vault
A ceiling constructed with arches; in other words, a ceiling that is not flat
velarium
a retractable canvas roof
Forum
A public square with market place in a Roman city
Basilica
An axially planned building with a long nave, side aisles, and apses
Taberna
Single-room shops with wide doorways
Oculus
A round opening at the top of a dome
Coffers
A sunken panel in a ceiling to lighten the weight of the ceiling
Catacomb
Underground passageways used for burials
Cubicula
Small underground rooms in catacombs serving as mortuary chapels
Apse
The endpoint of a church, where the altar is located
Nave
The main aisle of the church
Side aisles
Smaller aisles on the sides of the basilica
Clerestory
The top of a church
Selenite
A transparent, colorless gypsum that looks like glass and was used in windows
Spandrel
A triangular space enclosed by the curves of arches
Spolia
The reuse of architectural or sculptural pieces in buildings generally different from their original contexts
