Motivation

Dopamine

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that promotes "wanting” but is not essential for "liking"

Drives

________ and incentives complement one another and influence each others strengths.

Endorphins

short for endogenous, morphine-like substance; a transmitter risible for "liking" response.

Preservation and Protection Theory

sleep came about in evolution to preserve energy and protect the individual when there is relatively little value in staying awake.

Sensory Specific Satiety

people and laboratory animals that eat a type of food until they are satiated experience renewed appetite when a different food, with a different taste, is placed before them.

Regulatory Drive

helps preserve homeostasis

Liking

the subjective feeling of pleasure that occurs when one receives a reward.

Reinforcement

refers to the effects that promote something such as learning.

Leptin

appetite- suppressing hormone secreted by fat cells.

Electroencephalogram

most valuable index of sleep; represents a sort of average of the activity of billions of neurons.

Motivational State

an internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific category of goals.

Homeostasis

the constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively maintain.

Reward

something we like, want, and serves as a reinforcer.

Medial forebrain bundle

neurons crucial for rewards.

Incentives

sought- after objects that exist in the external environment.

Delta

waves: high amplitude, slow, irregular waves occur when a person is in "true sleep.”

Motivation

the entries constellation of factors, some inside the organism and some outside, that causes an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time.

Non regulatory drives

________: do not preserve homeostasis.

Feedback Control

the substance or quality being regulated feeds back upon the controlling device and inhibits the production of more of that substance or quality when an appropriate level is reached.

Central State Theory of Drives

different drives correspond to the neural activity in different sets of neurons in the brain.

Nucleus accumbens

a large nucleus in the basal ganglia.

Safety drives

motivate an animal to avoid, escape, or fend off dangers.

Central drive system

a set of neurons in which activity constitutes a drive.

Motivation

the entries constellation of factors, some inside the organism and some outside, that causes an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time

Motivational State

an internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific category of goals

Incentives

sought-after objects that exist in the external environment

Homeostasis

The constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively maintain

Regulatory Drive

helps preserve homeostasis

Non-regulatory drives

do not preserve homeostasis

Regulatory drives

maintain homeostasis

Safety drives

motivate an animal to avoid, escape, or fend off dangers

Reproductive drives

sexual drive and the drive to care for young once they are born

Social drives

drives for friendship and connections

Central State theory of drives

different drives correspond to the neural activity in different sets of neurons in the brain

Central drive system

a set of neurons in which activity constitutes a drive

Reward

something we like, want, and serves as a reinforcer

Wanting

the desire to obtain a reward

Liking

the subjective feeling of pleasure that occurs when one receives a reward

Reinforcement

refers to the effects that promote something such as learning

Medial forebrain bundle

neurons crucial for rewards

Nucleus accumbens

a large nucleus in the basal ganglia

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that promotes "wanting" but is not essential for "liking"

Endorphins

short for endogenous, morphine-like substance; a transmitter risible for "liking" response

Drug Addiction

addictive drugs cause dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens each time they are taken, which may cause super reinforcement of cues and actions associated with obtaining the drugs; hence, addiction

Feedback control

the substance or quality being regulated feeds back upon the controlling device and inhibits the production of more of that substance or quality when an appropriate level is reached

Leptin

appetite-suppressing hormone secreted by fat cells

Sensory-Specific satiety

people and laboratory animals that eat a type of food until they are satiated experience renewed appetite when a different food, with a different taste, is placed before them

Electroencephalogram

most valuable index of sleep, represents a sort of average of the activity of billions of neurons

Alpha waves

large, regular waves occur when a person is relaxed but awake

Beta waves

love amplitude, fast, irregular waves occur when a person is concentrating, focused, or excited

Delta Waves

high amplitude, slow, irregular waves occur when a person is in "true sleep"

Preservation and Protection Theory

Sleep came about in evolution to preserve energy and protect the individual when there is relatively little value and co