APUSH Unit 9

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency; mass produced cars for Henry Ford

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents

A&P

From 1915 through 1975, A&P was the largest grocery retailer in the United States (and, until 1965, the largest U.S. retailer of any kind). This shows the adjustment to mass cosumption.

Electric Appliances

In the 1920s, refrigerators, stoves, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines became very popular as prices dropped due to reduced production costs and as electrical power to run them became more available

Model T

A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car. Changed the transportation industry and allowed for mobility in everyone's life.

Radio

Created mass media in America

The Jazz Singer

First movie with sound

Life Style Advertising

A method of advertisement that convinced consumers where if this product is bought, your lifestyle will "improve" for the better.

Jazz Music

musical style developed by African-Americans at the beginning of the 20th century that is an amalgamation of African and European music, featuring improvisation, syncopation, polyrhythms and the use of "swing time"

Flagpole Sitting

a fad of the 1920s where people would perch on top of flagpoles for hours

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)

Wrote "the old man and the sea". He wrote about false ideals and goals in this time period. Due to his depressive state and stories, he eventually committed suicide.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Georgia O'Keefe

An artist known for urban scenes and later paintings of the Southwest

Frida Kahlo

Mexican painter; international popularity with self-portraits; was married to Diego Rivera; influenced by Rivera, shared his Communist views

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music; he wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians

Red Summer

A series of 1919 race riots in 25 cities, with several Americans, both black and white, killed and numerous others injured. While they occurred across the country, the worst was in Chicago, where, when one white killed a black who strayed into a "white-only" swimming area, and riots developed between both groups.

Marcus Garvey

Many poor urban blacks turned to him; he was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he wanted segregation; he wanted black people to eventually go back to Africa

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected communists; in imprisoned thousands of people from Eastern Europe and Russia

Sacco And Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery; hey were found guilty and died in the electric chair; the person who actually committed the crime was later found; Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census; this lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

Limited U.S. immigration to 3 percent of each foreign-born nationality in the 1910 census; three years later, congress restricted immigration even further.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups; Christian Fundamentalist

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools; Scopes wins

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

Grand Parade In Washington

30,000 KKK members had a parade in Washington

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs; trickle down theory; this dude sucks

Al Capone

A famous Chicago gangster who made a fortune ($60 million in one year) off of bootlegging, and "murdered" his way to the top of the crime network, buying off public officials, the police, and judges. He was not convicted of any wrongdoing, however, until a judge in a federal court convicted him of income-tax evasion and sent him to jail in 1931.

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

Fordney McCumber Tariff

Tariff jumped from around 20 percent to 40 percent; gave the president the power to raise it or lower it on specific items

"Return to Normalcy"

Harding's campaign slogan, wanting to go back to how things were before the war

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money; almost got Harding impeached

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - President Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.; this circular flow of money was a success

Kellogg Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Installment Plans

Customers could buy goods by making a small down payment followed by additional monthly payments with interest

Buying On Margin

Paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression

Hoovervilles

Towns made of trash for the homeless during the depression; named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Golden Age Of Hollywood

Hollywood is growing a ton; people would go to movies to take their mind off everything else;

"Brother, Can You Spare A Dime"

Song about the great depression; showed how even the wealthy and educated can lose everything they have

Dust Bowl

A nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s

John Steinback

Wrote The Grapes of Wrath depicting the depression through a family's journey west from Oklahoma

Woody Guthrie

American songwriter and folksinger who flourished in the 1930s, writing numerous songs about social injustice and the hardships of the Great Depression years; two of his best-remembered songs are "This Land is Your Land" and "So Long, It's Been Good to Know Yuh"

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter; was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws; she also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Elijah Muhammad

leader of Black Muslims who campaigned for independence for Black Americans (1897-1975)

Scottsboro Boys Trial

9 black teens accused of raping 2 white women. All-white juries sentenced them to death, no local lawyers would represent the boys. A big lawyer heard, appealed until it was agreed this wasn't a "jury of ones own peers" and had trial retried. In the end, 4 charges dropped, other 5 recieved prison sentences.

Black Cabinet

Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

Indian Reorganization Act

Got rid of the Dawes Act; said Indians are welcome to assimilate, but they don't have to; it also gave them some lands back; let them become U.S. citizens as well

"Rugged Individualism"

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance during the great depression

Hawley Smoot Tariff

A tariff that raised the percentage to the highest level up to that point(almost 58%). It directly hurt all trade opportunity in and out of the country for Americans, and it was created by Herbert Hoover.

RFC

Reconstruction Financial Coporation; was established during the Hoover administration with the primary objective of providing liquidity to, and restoring confidence in the banking system. The banking system experienced extensive pressure during the economic contraction of 1929-1933.

Bonus Army March

Group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 (during the Great Depression) to demand the immediate payment of their pension bonuses; Hoover calls in the military and gets rid of them violently

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression

Glass Stegall Act

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; helped regulate the banks more

"Make Work" Programs

FDR wanted to give people opportunities to make money rather than just giving them money

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform; very important acts that built a hydro-electric dam for a needed area

NIRA

1933 National Industrial Recovery Act; recovery; created NIRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages, and to permit collective bargaining of workers

Schechter vs. US

1935, "the sick chicken case"; Declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional on three grounds: That the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate the businesses that were wholly intrastate in character

Charles Coughlin

A liberal priest that gave sermons and speaches about FDR and claimed tht the new deal was "terrible". He was anti-semitic and claimed it was helping the jews.

Huey Long

A powerful public speaker who created a program called share the wealth; very racist; wanted the government to be responsible for getting everyone a house, car, radio, and 750 dollars a month for the rest of their lives; gets killed by his own bodyguards because he slept with his wife

John Lewis + CIO

Labor leader and massive union; wanted FDR to do more for workers. Created the whole idea of "sitdown strikes"

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Court Packing Scandal

FDR wanted to hire more justices that supported him in order to pass more bills

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined; FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism

Burke-Wadsworth Act

Law passed by Congress in 1940 creating the first peacetime draft in American history. The US had not declared war yet, but still we were drafting out of preparedness.

Lend Lease Acts

Allowing nations to borrow military equipment and pay for it after war is over

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941; sent America to war