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What was Song China regarded as?
The golden age of art and literature
What government did Song China use and how?
They were a bureaucratic state, they employed people through the civil service exam
What was flawed about the Civil Service exam?
It cost lot of money to support studies, so a large share of the official positions went to the sons of the elite
What allowed for the population growth in Song China?
The expansion of rice cultivation, a growth in food supply
Who had the worlds leading economy around 1200?
Song China, namely because of features such as paper money
Why is Hangzhou so relevant?
It was home to over a million people, the most urbanized region in the world
What was Song China’s industrial growth fueled by?
Coal
What were some important inventions and innovations in Song China?
Metallurgy (modifying metals for use), printing, gunpowder, navigation, and shipbuilding
What changed in agricultural production in Song China?
Instead of being for the local population, it became widespread
What was the Golden age of China like for women?
As textile production went to a larger scale, women got replaced for their traditional roles. Patriarchy lead to the practice of foot binding. But, property rights expanded and women became more educated (in order to raise better sons)
What was Korea and Chinas relationship like?
Korea was heavily influenced by China, adopting some elements of Chinese culture, like Confucianism. They still kept a distinctive identity, however.
What are some of Japans selectively borrowed elements of Chinese culture?
Attempts to create a bureaucratic structure modeled by China, schools of Chinese Buddhism, similar art, architecture, education, medicine, and religious views, borrowed Chinese writing system
How did Japan attempt to absorb Chinese culture and when did they stop?
Through formal tribute missions, ending by the 10th century
What happened to Japans political authority?
As they failed to create a bureaucracy, political powers got decentralized. Local authorities developed their own military forces (samurai) with certain values (bushido).
What was different for women in Japanese Confucianism than for Chinese Confucianism?
Elite Japanese women were able to escape most of Confucian oppression
How was Vietnam similar to Korea and Japan?
They took elements of Chinese culture while still remaining distinct
What was distinctive about Vietnamese women’s roles?
Women had greater roles, as Vietnam refused Confucian gender practices.
Where did the Searoads or the Indian Ocean trade route spans across?
From South China to the Indian Ocean and through the Mediterranean Sea
What did the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya emerge from and what did it dominate?
Emerged from competition, dominating trade
Why was the Ottoman Empire so significant?
They brought political coherence, military power, prosperity, and cultural brilliance to the Islamic middle world. They are known as one of the great empires of world history.
Who brought Islam to India?
Turkic-speaking invaders, they established Turkic and Muslim regimes in India
Where were the Al-Aldalus and what did it lead to?
They were located in Spain, and it led to a high degree of interaction among Muslim Christians and Jews. It also led to prosperity in agricultural economy, the flourishing of astronomy medicine, the arts architecture, and literature. Finally 75% were converted to Islam by 1000
What were some negative consequences Al-Andalus towards the end?
As religious tolerance started breaking down, war and religious persecution became more prevalent
How did the Swahili civilization of East Africa develop?
They developed from a growing demand for African products such as gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves, iron and wood.
Where did most enslaved people come from?
They came from societies raided in Southern Africa
What was one important trading city in Africa?
Timbuktu
The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of what?
The Roman Empire, taking most of their customs such as their taxation system roads and military structures
What is Caesaropapism?
The idea of combining social and political power of secular government with religious power
What happened as a result of the increased tensions between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches?
A series of crusades, which during the fourth crusade Westerners seized Constantinople, leading to the end of the Byzantine Empire
What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in Western Europe?
They took on political, administrative, educational, and welfare functions offering civilized literate religion
What was Feudalism?
A system in which nobility held lands from the crown in exchange for military service
What was Serfdom?
The status of many peasants under the Feudalist government
What were some technological breakthroughs that open new lands to cultivation?
The development of heavy wheel plow, horses instead of oxen, and the three-field system of crop rotation
What was the Crusade movement?
Wars that gods command that were authorized by the pope in which people who participated were able to be released from penalty for confession of sins
What were some of the impacts the crusades had on Europe?
European contact with the Islamic world, Europeans developing the taste for luxury goods of the east, techniques for producing sugar on plantations with enslaved labor, Muslim scholarship and Greek learning
What began the European Renaissance?
Humanism (The focus on mankind as the center of intellectual and aristocratic endeavor), an emphasis on the study of classical texts and ancient language, and worldly affairs. Began in Italy.
Where did the Aztec establish themselves?
On an island in Lake Texcoco
Who were used in Aztec human sacrifices?
Enslaved people, in order to provide energy for the sun
Where were the Incas located?
The Andes mountains with landscapes such as deserts, rivers, and the Pacific Ocean
What was the Incan Empires government like?
Theocratic and bureaucratic
What did both the Aztec and Incan empire practice?
“Gender parallelism,” men and women operated in separate but equal spheres.
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