Global Health: Key Concepts, SDGs, and Health Determinants

Global Health

Global Health transcends national boundaries.

International Health

The study of health issues that affect people living in the developing world or outside one's own country.

Domestic Public Health

Issues that affect people living in the US or within a country.

Environmental Health

The theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing environmental factors that can adversely affect the health of present and future generations.

Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Public Health Code of Ethics

Prevention of disease.

Public Health

Focus is on the population and public service.

Medicine

Focus is on the individual and personal service.

Neonatal Death

6,300 babies die every day in the world before they are four weeks old (2.3 million in 2022).

Maternal Mortality

287,000 women a year die in childbirth.

Measles Deaths

More than 136,000 people die every year of measles (2022).

Tuberculosis Deaths

1.3 million people die in the world every year (2022) from tuberculosis.

Low-income

<$1145.

Lower-middle income

$1146-4515.

Upper middle-income

$4516-14,005.

High-income

>$14,005.

Millennium Development Goals

Goals set forth by the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000.

Goal 1

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Goal 2

Achieve universal primary education.

Goal 3

Promote gender equality and empower women.

Goal 4

Reduce child mortality.

Goal 5

Improve maternal health.

Goal 6

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.

Goal 7

Ensure environmental sustainability.

Goal 8

Develop a global partnership for development.

Sustainable Development Goals

Goals aimed at ending poverty and improving lives globally.

SDG 1

End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Extreme poverty

Living on less than $1.25 a day.

SDG 2

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

Food security

Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.

Food insecurity

Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods.

Hunger

The uneasy or painful sensation caused by a lack of food.

Nutrient deficiencies

Lack of essential nutrients in the diet.

Hidden hunger

Nutrient deficiencies that are not immediately apparent.

Over-nutrition

Excess intake of nutrients, leading to obesity.

Obesity

Excess body weight due to over-nutrition.

Staple foods

Foods that are eaten regularly and constitute a dominant portion of a standard diet.

SDG3

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Preventable diseases

11 children die every minute from preventable diseases

SDG4

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Basic reading skills

170 million people could be lifted out of poverty if all students learned basic reading skills

Kerala state in India

Quality education, widespread healthcare access, strong nutrition programs

SDG5

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Women's work hours

Women work 70% of the world's working hours, yet earn only 10% of the world's income

SDG6

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Mobile phones vs toilets

More people have a mobile phone than have a toilet

SDG7

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

People without electricity

1.1 billion people live without electricity

SDG8

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Minimum wage in Haiti

64¢ is the minimum hourly wage for garment workers in Haiti

SDG9

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Foot bridge impact

Building a simple foot bridge between rural communities can increase new business growth by 15%

SDG10

Reduce inequality within and among countries

Wealth inequality

The 85 richest people in the world own the same amount as the 3.5 billion poorest people

SDG11

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Urban population

½ of humanity lives in urban areas

SDG12

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Earths needed

5: the number of earths it would take to support the world population if everyone lived like Americans

SDG13

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Sea level rise

1-4 feet: how much sea levels will rise by 2100

SDG14

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development

Seafood reliance

2.6 billion people rely on seafood as their main source of protein

SDG15

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Resource consumption

We are using 25% more resources than our planet can sustain each year

SDG16

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Cost of violence

The world cost of violence is approximately $14 trillion/year

SDG17

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Extreme poverty reduction

½ the people living in extreme poverty in 1990 are not anymore

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births in a given year. Deaths < 1 year of age X 1000

Live births statistics

Zambia = 35.6/1000, Singapore = 1.5/1000, US = 5.4/1000

Life Expectancy at Birth

The average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year.

Neonatal Mortality Rate

The number of deaths to infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births in that year.

Under Five Mortality Rate

The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, expressed as a number per 1000 live births.

HALE (Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy)

Number of years to be lived in the equivalent of good health.

DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year)

Measure of premature deaths and losses due to illness and disabilities in a population.

Leading causes of DALYs for low- and middle-income countries

Perinatal conditions, Lower respiratory infections, Ischemic heart disease.

Leading causes of DALYs for high-income countries

Ischemic heart disease, Cerebrovascular disease, Unipolar depressive disorders.

Zambia's life expectancy in 2024

66.5 (UP FROM 52.5).

Japan's life expectancy in 2024

84.9 (UP FROM 84).

US life expectancy in 2024

79.5 (DOWN FROM 80).

South Sudan's Maternal Mortality Ratio

1223/100,000 (UP FROM 789).

Germany's Maternal Mortality Ratio

4/100,000.

US Maternal Mortality Ratio

21/100,000 (UP FROM 14).

Zambia's Neonatal Mortality Rate

24/1000.

Singapore's Neonatal Mortality Rate

1/1000.

US Neonatal Mortality Rate

3.2/1000.

Zambia's Under Five Mortality Rate

56/1000 (down from 61).

Singapore's Under Five Mortality Rate

2/1000.

US Under Five Mortality Rate

6/1000.

Cardiovascular disease

The leading cause of death worldwide.

Burden from communicable diseases

The poorest countries have a relatively larger burden from communicable diseases than from non-communicable diseases.