INDG: Week 2

PROCRASTINATION!!!

What is the Bering Land Bridge theory?

The theory that suggests the first humans migrated from Eurasia to North America by crossing a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska.

When did the migration across the Bering Land Bridge occur?

Sometime between forty thousand and twelve thousand years ago.

What were the conditions like during the migration across the Bering Land Bridge?

Much of the land was covered in massive continental glaciers and vast meltwater lakes.

Where did the migrants go after crossing the Bering Land Bridge?

They moved southward, between the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the cordilleran glaciers, and migrated to Canada.

What is the coastal migration theory?

The theory proposing that some groups arrived in North America by traveling along the Pacific coast.

Iroquoian farmers

The ________ of the eastern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence valley.

Stadaconans

Descendants of the Iroquoian farmers who obtained most of their food from their fields were the ________.

Huron

The ________ ventured to Lake Couchiching for sturgeon in the spring and hunted white-tailed deer in the early autumn and late winter.

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Despite its primitive nature, this ________ was highly productive, providing substantial surpluses that contributed to 50-75% of their families' caloric intake.

Fishing

The men focused on hunting and ________, catching whitefish and lake trout.

Seasonal cycles

Other Iroquoian groups had similar ________, combining farming with fishing and hunting activities.

Sturgeon

The Huron ventured to Lake Couchiching for ________ in the spring.

Canoe voyages

After planting their fields, the Stadaconans often set out on lengthy ________ as far away as the Gaspe to hunt marine mammals and catch mackerel and eel.

Beothuk, Mi’kmaq, and Maliseet tribes

The ______, ______, and ______ tribes inhabited the region before the arrival of Europeans.

Subarctic people

Winter economies similar to the ______ people, focusing on hunting large game and trapping fur-bearing animals inland.

Shellfish

They collected ______ on the beaches.

Canoes

They caught fish like mackerel and cod from their ______.

Marine mammals

They hunted ______ such as seals.

Winter inland migration

Archaeological evidence suggests that their ancestors spent the entire year on the Atlantic Coast for thousands of years, with ______ possibly being a response to trade with European fishermen and whalers seeking furs.

Seasonal adaptation

The Atlantic groups had different economic activities depending on the season, with hunting and trapping in winter and maritime activities in other seasons.

Coastal reliance

The tribes heavily relied on the resources of the Atlantic Coast, including shellfish, fish, and marine mammals.

Trade with Europeans

The possibility of trade with European fishermen and whalers may have influenced the late pre-contact development of ______.

Environmental adaptation

The tribes adapted their economic activities to the specific characteristics of the coastal and forested regions.

Sustainable resource use

The tribes utilized the resources of the land and sea in a way that sustained their communities for thousands of years.

Interactions with outsiders

The potential trade with European fishermen and whalers highlights the tribes' interactions with outsiders and the impact it had on their way of life.

Pemmican

_______ is a nutritious food made from dried buffalo meat, fat, and berries.

Buffalo

The Plains people depended on _______ for food, raw materials, and trade goods.

Hunting techniques

The Plains people used various techniques, such as the buffalo pound, cliff drive, and surround, to _______.

Use of buffalo

The Plains people utilized different parts of the buffalo for clothing, shelter, tools, and _______.

Sustainability

The Plains people had a deep understanding of the buffalo's behavior and movements, allowing them to sustainably hunt and _______ the buffalo herds.

Adaptation

Based on the availability of buffalo and other prey, the Plains people adapted their hunting techniques and food sources, such as elk, moose, and _______.

What were some important fish to the coastal people of the Pacific Slope?

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Salmon, eulachon, halibut, shellfish, herring, and salmon roe.

What were some sophisticated fishing technologies used by the coastal people?

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Spear fishing, hook and line trolling, nets, weirs, and traps.

What did the coastal people rely on hunting for?

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Inland groups relied on hunting.

How did the coastal people stockpile their harvests?

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They developed processing and storage techniques.

Which Native Canadian groups mastered the skill of canoe construction?

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Tsimshian, Haida, and Nuu chah nulth.

What were some hunting and gathering activities of the coastal people?

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Women collected berries and plants for food and fiber.

What were some items created by the weavers in Native Canada?

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Fishnets, baskets, and the Chilkat blanket.

What were some tasks performed by men in Native Canada?

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Men constructed large houses and carved bentwood cedar boxes for storage.

What were the early assumptions about pre-contact population growth rates in Native Canada and the Americas?

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Early anthropologists believed that pre-contact population growth rates were low due to a precarious migratory existence, high mortality rates, and low fertility rates.

How were these assumptions proven wrong?

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It was discovered that Native Canadian societies obtained stable food supplies with less effort than previously thought, and famines were no more frequent among hunters, fishers, and gatherers than among farmers.

What were the main factors contributing to the low population densities of Aboriginal hunters and gatherers?

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The low population densities were a result of epidemics and neglect by colonial societies.

In which regions of Canada were the Native people concentrated?

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Canada's Native people were concentrated in the Pacific slope, eastern Great Lakes and St. Lawrence valley, and the grassland-parkland areas of the Western Interior.

What is the population of Indigenous people in Canada according to the 2021 census?

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Over 1.8 million, about 5% of the national population.

Who are the Inuit and where do they primarily inhabit?

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The Inuit primarily inhabit northern Canada, and their homeland (Inuit Nunangat) includes much of the land, water, and ice contained in the Arctic region.

Who are the Metis and where do they live?

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The Metis have mixed European and Indigenous ancestry and live mostly in the Prairie provinces and Ontario, but also in other parts of the country.

Who are the First Nations and where do they often occupy territories?

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The First Nations are the original inhabitants of the land and often occupy territories south of the Arctic.

What is the Indian Act and how does it categorize Indigenous peoples?

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The Indian Act is the principal statute through which the federal government managed Indigenous affairs. It divides Indigenous peoples into two categories:Status Indians and Non-Status Indians.

Who are Status Indians and what identification do they have?

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Status Indians are listed in the Indian Register and are issued identification cards (status cards) that contain information about their identity, band, and registration number.

Who are Non-Status Indians?

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Non-Status Indians are Indigenous individuals who are not registered with the federal government.

What rights are protected by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982?

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Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, enshrines Indigenous rights, including Aboriginal and Treaty rights, Aboriginal Title, rights to occupy and use lands and resources, self-government rights, and cultural and social rights.

What is the definition of an Aboriginal person?

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An Aboriginal person is someone who identifies as First Nations, Inuit, or Metis.

What are the federal government departments responsible for Indigenous affairs?

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The federal government departments responsible for Indigenous affairs are Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, and Indigenous Services.

What are treaties with the Crown and what do they allow for?

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Treaties with the Crown have allowed for the use of Indigenous lands in exchange for annual payments and/or other benefits. They also form the constitutional and moral basis of the Indigenous-Canadian alliance.

What were the consequences of colonization practices and policies on Indigenous peoples?

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What were some colonization practices and policies that sought control and assimilation of Indigenous peoples?

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What were the key findings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women?

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Who are the Inuit descendants of?

The Thule people

Name one of the main Inuit groups

Labrador Inuit (Labradormiut)

Where do the Inuvialuit live?

In the northern parts of the Northwest Territories and Yukon

What are the four regions of Inuit Nunangat?

Inuvialuit, Nunavut, Nunavik, and Nunatsiavut

Name one other Arctic inhabitant

Innu

Where did the Dene live?

Parts of the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Québec, and Labrador.

What are some major Indigenous groups in the Subarctic region?

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Eastern:Algonguian language family, Western:Athapaskan (Dene) family, Northern Algonquian, South Algonquian, and the Beothuk.

What are some languages spoken by the Dene groups in the Subarctic region?

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Tlicho, Chipewyan, Gwich’in, Dene Tha' & Dehcho, Sahtú.

What are some languages spoken by the Algonquian groups in the Subarctic region?

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Ojibwe, Cree, Atikamekw, Innu.

Which Indigenous groups speak Cree dialects in the Subarctic region?

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Atikamekw and Innu of Quebec and Labrador.

Which Indigenous group spoke a language of uncertain affinity in the Subarctic region?

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The Beothuk.

Question

Which nations occupy territories within the Northwest Coast?